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19. Ö¤Ã÷£º(?U?V)p?Cp?p()p ?T?T?H)p,U?H£­pV?TÖ¤Ã÷£ººãѹÏ£¬½«ÉÏÊö¶ÔT΢·Ö£º

?U?H?V?V()p?()p?p()p£½Cp?p()p?T?T?T?TCp?(20. Ö¤Ã÷£ºCp?CV??(Ö¤Ã÷£º

?p?H)V[()T?V] ?T?p?H?H)pdT?()Tdp?T?p?H?H?H?pºãV¶ÔT΢·Ö£¬µÃ£º()V?()p?()T()V?T?T?p?T¶ÔH΢·ÖµÃ£ºdH?(H?U?pV,ºãÈÝ϶ÔT΢·ÖµÃ£º?H?U?p()V?()V?V()V(2)?T?T?T?H?U()p?Cp,()V?CV(3)?T?T½áºÏ£¨£©£¬£¨12£©ºÍ£¨3£©Ê½µÃ£º?H?p?pCp?()T()V£½CV?V()V?p?T?T?p?HÔò£ºCp£­CV£½£­()V[()T?V]?T?p(1)

21.ÆÏÌÑÌÇ·¢½Í·´Ó¦ÈçÏ£ºC6H12O6 (s) ¡ú 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)

ÒÑÖªÆÏÌÑÌÇÔÚ100kPa¡¢298KϲúÉú-67.8kJµÄµÈѹ·´Ó¦ÈÈ£¬ÊÔÇó¸Ã·´Ó¦µÄÈÈÁ¦Ñ§Äܱ仯¦¤UΪ¶àÉÙ£¿ ½â£º

?H??U£«RT?n?U??H?RT?n??67800?8.314?298?2??72.76kJ

22. 25¡æµÄ0.5gÕý¸ýÍéÔÚºãÈÝÌõ¼þÏÂÍêȫȼÉÕʹÈÈÈÝΪ8175.5 J/KµÄÁ¿ÈȼÆζÈÉÏÉýÁË2.94¡æ£¬ÇóÕý¸ýÍéÔÚ25¡æÍêȫȼÉյĦ¤H¡£ ½â£ºÕý¸ýÍéÍêȫȼÉÕ·´Ó¦Ê½£ºC7H16 (l) + 11O2 (g) ¡ú 7CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l), ¦¤n = -4

0.5gÕý¸ýÍéºãÈÝÏÂȼÉÕ·ÅÈÈ£ºQ?£­CV?T?£­8175.5?2.94?£­24.036kJ100g(1mol)Õý¸ýÍéºãÈÝÏÂȼÉÕ·ÅÈÈ£º?U£½QV£½???100Q0.5

100?8175.5?2.94??4807.194kJ0.5?H?Qp?QV??nRT??4807194?(?4)?8.314?298??4817.1kJ

23. ÊÔÇóÏÂÁз´Ó¦ÔÚ298K£¬101.325kPaʱµÄºãѹÈÈЧӦ¡£

£¨1£©2H2S (g) £« SO2 (g) = 2H2O (l) + 3s (б·½) QV £½ -223.8 kJ

¦¤n = -3, Qp = QV +¦¤nRT = -223800-3¡Á8.314¡Á298=-231.2 kJ (2) 2C (ʯī) £« O2 (g) = 2CO (g) QV £½ -231.3 kJ

¦¤n = 1, Qp = QV +¦¤nRT = -231300+1¡Á8.314¡Á298=-228.8 kJ (3) H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) = 2HCl (g) QV £½ -184 kJ

¦¤n = 0, Qp = QV = -184 kJ

24. ij·´Ó¦Ìåϵ£¬Æðʼʱº¬10 mol H2ºÍ20 mol O2£¬ÔÚ·´Ó¦½øÐеÄtʱ¿Ì£¬Éú³ÉÁË4 mol H2O¡£Çë¼ÆËãÏÂÊö·´Ó¦·½³ÌʽµÄ·´Ó¦½ø¶È£º £¨1£©H2 + 0.5 O2 = H2O

???nB?B?nB?4?4 1£¨2£© 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O

???B?nB?4?2 2£¨3£©0.5H2 + 0.25 O2 = 0.5H2O

???B?4?8 0.5

25. ÒÑÖªÏÂÁз´Ó¦ÔÚ298KʱµÄÈÈЧӦ£º

£¨1£©Na (s) + 0.5 Cl2 (g) = NaCl (s) ¦¤rHm£¬1 = -411 kJ (2) H2 (g) + S (s) + 2O2 (g) = H2SO4 (l) ¦¤rHm£¬2 = -811.3 kJ (3) 2Na (s) + S(s) + 2O2 (g) = Na2SO4 (s) ¦¤rHm£¬3 = -1383 kJ (4) 0.5 H2 (g) + 0.5 Cl2 (g) = HCl (g) ¦¤rHm£¬4 = -92.3 kJ

Çó·´Ó¦2 NaCl (s) + H2SO4 (l) = Na2SO4 (s) + 2HCl (g) ÔÚ298KʱµÄ¦¤rHmºÍ¦¤rUm¡£

½â£º¸Ã·´Ó¦

¦¤rHm£½2¦¤rHm£¬4 £«¦¤rHm£¬3 £­ 2¦¤rHm£¬1£­¦¤rHm£¬2

£½2¡Á£¨-92.3£©£«£¨-1383£©£­2¡Á£¨-411£©£­£¨-811.3£©£½65.7 kJ ¦¤rUm £½ ¦¤rHm £­ ¦¤nRT = 65700 - 2¡Á8.314¡Á298 = 60.74 kJ

26. ÒÑÖªÏÂÊö·´Ó¦298KʱµÄÈÈЧӦ£º

£¨1£©C6H5COOH (l) + 7.5O2 (g) = 7CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l) ¦¤rHm£¬1 = -3230 kJ (2) C (s) + O2 (g) = CO2 (g) ¦¤rHm£¬2 = -394 kJ (3) H2 (g) + 0.5O2 (g) = H2O(l) ¦¤rHm£¬3 = -286 kJ ÇóC6H5COOH (l)µÄ±ê×¼Éú³ÉÈȦ¤fHm¦È¡£

½â£º7 C (s) + 3 H2 (g) + O2 (g) = C6H5COOH (l) ¦¤fHm¦È[C6H5COOH (l)] = 7¡Á ¦¤rHm£¬2 + 3 ¡Á ¦¤rHm£¬3 - ¦¤rHm£¬1 = 7 ¡Á (-394) + 3 ¡Á (-286) - ( -3230) = -386 kJ/mol

27. ÒÑÖªÏÂÁз´Ó¦298KʱµÄÈÈЧӦ£º

£¨1£© C£¨½ð¸Õʯ£©£« O2£¨g£©= CO2 (g) ¦¤rHm£¬1 = -395.4 kJ (2) C (ʯī) £« O2£¨g£©= CO2 (g) ¦¤rHm£¬2 = -393.5 kJ ÇóC£¨Ê¯Ä«£©£½C£¨½ð¸Õʯ£©ÔÚ298KʱµÄ¦¤rHm¦È¡£

½â£º¦¤rHm£¬3£½¦¤rHm£¬2 £­¦¤rHm£¬1 £½ -393.5£­£¨-395.4£©£½1.9 kJ/mol

28. ÊÔ·Ö±ðÓÉÉú³ÉìʺÍȼÉÕìʼÆËãÏÂÁз´Ó¦£º 3C2H2 (g) = C6H6 (l) ÔÚ101.325kPaºÍ298.15KʱµÄ¦¤rHmºÍ¦¤rUm¡£ ½â£ºÓÉÉú³Éìʲé±í£º¦¤fHm [C2H2 (g)] = 227.0 kJ/mol, ¦¤fHm [C6H6 (l)] = 49.0 kJ/mol ¦¤rHm=¦¤fHm [C6H6 (l)] - 3¦¤fHm [C2H2 (g)] = 49 - 3¡Á227.0 = -632 kJ/mol

ÓÉȼÉÕìʲé±í£º¦¤CHm [C2H2 (g)] = -1300 kJ/mol, ¦¤CHm [C6H6 (l)] = -3268 kJ/mol ¦¤rHm=3¦¤CHm [C2H2 (g)] ¨C¦¤CHm [C6H6 (l) ]= 3¡Á(-1300) ¨C (-3268) = -632 kJ/mol ¦¤rUm £½ ¦¤rHm £­ ¦¤nRT = -632000 ¨C (-3)¡Á8.314¡Á298.15 = -624.6 kJ/mol

29. KCl£¨s£©ÔÚ298.15KʱµÄÈܽâ¹ý³Ì£º

KCl£¨s£©£½ K+ (aq, ¡Þ) + Cl- ( aq, ¡Þ) ¦¤rHm = 17.18 kJ/mol

ÒÑÖªCl- ( aq, ¡Þ)ºÍKCl£¨s£©µÄĦ¶ûÉú³ÉìÊ·Ö±ðΪ -167.44 kJ/molºÍ-435.87 kJ/mol £¬ÇóK+ (aq, ¡Þ)µÄĦ¶ûÉú³ÉìÊ¡£

½â£º¦¤rHm £½¦¤fHm[K+ (aq, ¡Þ)] + ¦¤fHm[Cl- (aq, ¡Þ)] -¦¤fHm[KCl£¨s£©] ¦¤fHm[K+ (aq, ¡Þ)] = 17.18 + (- 435.87) ¨C (-167.44) = -251.25 kJ/mol

30. ÔÚ298KʱH2O (l) µÄ±ê׼Ħ¶ûÉú³ÉìÊΪ-285.8 kJ/mol£¬ÒÑÖªÔÚ25¡æÖÁ100¡æµÄζȷ¶Î§ÄÚH2 (g)¡¢O2 (g)¼°H2O (l)µÄCp,m·Ö±ðΪ28.83 J/K¡¤mol, 29.16 J/K¡¤mol¼°75.31 J/K¡¤mol¡£Çó100¡æʱH2O (l)µÄ±ê×¼Éú³ÉìÊ¡£ ½â£º

?Cp,m?75.31?28.83?0.5?29.16?31.9J/K?mol???fHm(373K)??fHm(298K)??373298?Cp,mdT

??285800?31.9?(373?298)??283.4kJ/mol

31. ·´Ó¦N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) = 2NH3 (g) ÔÚ298KʱµÄ¦¤rHm¦È£½-92.88kJ/mol,Çó´Ë·´Ó¦

ÔÚ398KʱµÄ¦¤rHm¦È¡£ÒÑÖª£º

Cp,m £¨N2, g£©= (26.98 + 5.912¡Á10-3T - 3.376¡Á10-7T2) J/K¡¤mol Cp,m £¨H2, g£©= (29.07 + 0.837¡Á10-3T + 20.12¡Á10-7T2) J/K¡¤mol Cp,m £¨NH3, g£©= (25.89 + 33.00¡Á10-3T - 30.46¡Á10-7T2) J/K¡¤mol ½â£º

?Cp,m??62.41?62.6?10?3T?117.9?10?3T2?fHm(398K)??fHm(298K)????92880??398298??398298?Cp,mdT

(?62.41?62.6?10?3T?117.9?10?3T2)dT??97.09kJ/mol

32. ÒÑÖªÏÂÊö·´Ó¦µÄÈÈЧӦ£º

H2 (g) + I2 (s) = 2HI (g) ¦¤rHm¦È(291K) = 49.455 kJ/mol

ÇÒI2£¨s£©µÄÈÛµãΪ386.7K£¬ÈÛ»¯ÈÈΪ16.736kJ/mol. I2 (l) µÄ·ÐµãΪ457.5 K£¬Õô·¢ÈÈΪ42.677 kJ/mol. I2 (s) ¼°I2 (l) µÄCp,m ·Ö±ðΪ55.64 J/K¡¤mol¼°62.76 J/K¡¤mol£¬H2£¨g£©¡¢I2£¨g£©¼°HI (g)µÄCp,m¾ùΪ3.5R¡£Çó¸Ã·´Ó¦ÔÚ473KʱµÄ¦¤¦ÈrHm¡£

½â£º¦¤rHm¦È (473K) =¦¤rHm¦È (291K) + n Cp,m [HI (g)](473-291) - n Cp,m [H2 (g)](473-291) ¨C {Cp,m [I2 (s)](386.7-291) + ¦¤rHm(I2, s) + Cp,m [I2 (l)](457.5 ¨C 386.7) +¦¤rHm(I2, l) + Cp,m [I2 (g)](473 - 457.5 ) } = 49455 + 2¡Á3.5¡Á8.314¡Á182 - 3.5¡Á8.314¡Á182 ¨C (55.64¡Á95.7 + 16736 + 62.76¡Á70.8 + 42677 + 3.5¡Á8.314¡Á15.5) = -14.88 kJ/mol

291K386.7K386.7K457.5K457.5K473KH2(g)?I2(s)?2HI(g)?I2(s)?I2(l)?I2(l)?I2(g)?H2(g)?I2(g)?2HI(g)