建筑安全管理外文翻译文献
原文：
Developing a model to measure the effectiveness of safety management systems
of construction sites
Evelyn Ai Lin Teoa,_, Florence Yean Yng Linga
aDepartment of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of
Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore 117566, Singapore
Received 16 February 2005; received in revised form 6 May 2005; accepted 9 June
2005
Abstract:
In Singapore, the construction industry had implemented safety management system (SMS) and SMS auditing for about 10 years now, but the improvement in safety standard is not significant. In response to the need to improve the effectiveness of SMS and SMS audit, the aim of the paper is to propose a method to develop and test the tools that auditors may use to assess the effectiveness of a construction firm’s SMS. The research methodology adopted in this study consists of 15 steps. Surveys were conducted; safety experts were consulted and invited to express their views, either through interviews or workshops. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Factor Analysis were used to assist in identifying the most crucial factors and attributes affecting safety. The model was developed by means of the multi-attribute value model (MAVT) approach. It was also subject to validation via site audits. Using the model, a Construction Safety Index (CSI) can be calculated. It is concluded that the CSI can act as an objective measure of different sites for management and appraisal purposes.r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Safety management system; Safety audit; Construction safety index 1. Introduction: Arguments underpinning the work
Safety management systems (SMS) are introduced into the construction industry as a formal system of managing site safety. Contractors are expected to manage site safety through formal SMS. It is important to evaluate how effective these systems are,
建筑安全管理外文翻译文献
so that deficiencies can be corrected. This study was carried out in collaboration with the Occupational Safety Department, Ministry of Manpower (MOM) and according to the authority there is no audit protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of a construction site’s SMS. The Singapore construction industry had implemented SMS and SMS auditing for about 10 years now, but the improvement in safety standard is not significant. This is in contrast to the impact on the ship-building and ship-repairing industry, which experienced a steady improvement in terms of the safety performance indicators following the implementation of SMS and SMS audit.
The lack of safety improvement may be due to a loose SMS governing structure and a lack of standard protocol for safety auditing. In Singapore, there is no regulation to govern the way in which the SMS policies are drafted by construction firms. More often than not,contractors believed that their SMS are sufficient whilst safety auditors think otherwise [1]. Past studies have discovered that the successful implementation of the SMS on construction sites can help to prevent accidents [2–5]. Therefore, it is essential to provide a comprehensive checklist of attributes that may affect the safety performance of worksites.
There is also no standard protocol on how safety auditing is to be conducted. Each safety auditing firm has its own set of audit methodology, based on broad guidelines laid down in Singapore Code of Practice on Construction Safety Management System (CP79) and Section 27(A)(2) of the Factories (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction) (Amendment) Regulations 1994. Besides stating that safety audits must include 14 main elements, there are no other guidelines and no standard checklists to audit the safety level or effectiveness of SMS. In practice, checklists used vary from company to company. Many safety audit companies have to undercut fees to win safety auditing contracts. The low fees may have led some companies to cut corners and spend less time on site, thereby reducing the quality of their safety audits to the minimum.
To know whether a site has an effective SMS, the government requires the SMS to be audited every six monthly. The problem is that hitherto there is no standardised audit tool that can objectively and consistently assess the effectiveness of a firm’s SMS. There is also a large discrepancy between the auditing standards of different safety consultants. In response to the need to improve the effectiveness of SMS and SMS audit, the objective of this paper is to propose a method to develop and test the tools that auditors may use to assess the effectiveness of a construction firm’s SMS. This objective is important because the industry can adopt a standard auditing
建筑安全管理外文翻译文献
methodology and develop a benchmark for safety audit purposes.
The objective of this research is to devise an audit protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of a construction site’s SMS. This is achieved by developing and testing an assessment tool that calculates the Construction Safety Index (CSI) of a site. This is a quantitative score that indicates the effectiveness level of a construction site’s SMS.
A safety audit is a structured process of collecting independent information on the efficiency, effectiveness and reliability of the total SMS and draw up plans for correction action. It is important in determining the effectiveness of SMS [5]. Kunju and Gibb [6] found that the advantage of having an active monitoring system before accidents occur is that the audit measures the success of the system implemented, and thus reinforces positive achievement. A proper measure of the safety performance is also found to be crucial for effective safety management [7]. Cox and Cox [8] found that safety auditing is one of the major elements of an SMS. It provides managers with further information and on compliance with standards. This promotes safe work practices that stemmed from reliable and continuing feedback through the safety level observed. Thus, a safety audit conducted in a timely manner will help to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the current safety program, and any problem areas that might adversely affect the success of the program will be identified. This allows firms to derive the maximum benefit from the program consistent with the resources deployed [9].
2. SMS for the construction industry
In Singapore, the MOM is the government regulatory body responsible for enforcement of legislations relating to safety. The main safety legislations that construction sites have to comply with are the Factories Act (Chapter 104) and the Factories (Building Operations and Work of Engineering Construction) (BOWEC) Regulations,1994. The BOWEC Regulations require all construction worksites that have contract values of S$10 million (US$1 _ S$1.70) or more to implement an SMS based on the Code of Practice on Construction Safety Management System (CP) 79. Worksites with contract values of less than S$10 million do not need to implement an SMS,but these sites are encouraged to do so.
The CP79 consists of 14 main safety management elements as follows: ? safety policy, ? safe work practices, ? safety training,
建筑安全管理外文翻译文献
? group meetings,
? incident investigation and analysis, ? in-house safety rules and regulations, ? safety promotion,
? evaluation, selection and control of sub-contractors, ? safety inspections,
? maintenance regime for all machinery and equipment, ? hazard analysis,
? movement control and use of hazardous substances and chemicals, ? emergency preparedness, ? occupational health programmes.
Each element provides specific guidelines on how construction firms should organise and manage their sites to ensure safety of their personnel and the public. However, CP 79 is not meant to be a stringent set of rules and regulations because each construction project is different. The project manager has to carefully interpret the clauses in the code of practice and adapt the guidelines to the context of his project.
Besides Singapore, SMS is also a requirement in many other countries. From the review of the SMSs used in Hong Kong [3,10], Australia [11], UK [4] and USA [5,12] it was found that Singapore’s CP 79 is very comprehensive and covers all levels of the construction project and organisation. However, the focus on the higher level issues like management commitment is inadequate as compared to Australia and the UK. The SMS approaches employed by the UK are not as extensive in terms of specific details, but they highlight
the need for management participation where their opinions and reviews are given very high importance. Many studies have shown that management commitment and involvement is the core element of any SMS [13–16]. Without management support, it is difficult to enforce safe practices and inculcate a safety culture into the organisation.
3. Research methodology
The research methodology is shown in Fig. 1. The first step was to review the various SMS standards and guidelines of selected developed countries that are known to have relatively high safety standards. These countries include Hong Kong, Australia, UK and USA.
In step 2, relevant attributes were selected and collated based on the literature