2>.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.

3>.We had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and mule-loads of tourists---and the

dust.

4>.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots. 5>.It is truth uniiversally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must be in

want of a wife.

20.Rhetorical repetition叠言，重复叠言Repetition

这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。

1>.It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.

它必须用我们这些对于未来，对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。

2>... Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity. 因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人，更少痛苦，更少不安，更少死亡，更少疾病，和更少残废。

3>.I have written in bed and written out of it, written day and night. 我卧床写，起床写；白天写，晚上也写。

21.Onomatcpocia拟声

是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。

1>.On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing. 在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。

2>.She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt—sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西，如阳光呀，丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀，昆虫的叫声呀，开门的吱嗄声呀亲人的说话声呀

3>.The begger rattled the coins in his tin.

4>.She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt---sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one. 22.Alliteration头韵法

在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或音，以增强语言的节奏感。

How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness. 23.Analogy: (类比）

It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.将两个本质上不同的事物就其共同点进行比较，是通过比喻手法的综合运用帮助说明道理或描述某种复杂情况。

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比如说，我们在讨论政府职能的时候，假如我们不了解政府职能，我们可以从我们了解的组织谈起，比如我们可以讨论班级、学校、公司或者一些大型小型组织，从一个具体的问题到另一个问题而避免谈一些不熟悉的问题。具体的陈述可以类似如下开展：

Appropriate praise is to children what the sun is to flowers.

While elite colleges and universities still have high standards of admissions,some of the most “exclusive”prisons now require about five prior serious crimes before an inmate is accepted into their correctional program.

Writing a book of poetry is like dropping a rose petal down the Grand Canyon and waiting for the echo.将写书的动作和把玫瑰花瓣扔到大峡谷等回音类比。

24.Understatement: (含蓄陈述）降调陈述

It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.

1>.He is no mean opponent in the coming debate.(言外之意，他不是一个弱者，而是一个劲敌)

2>.There was a slight disturbance in the Soviet Union last year, which caused the disintegration of the country.

3>.It was not without reason that the Council decided to take such measures. 25.Syllepsis: (一语双叙）

It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)

In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.) 例句：

1>.At the next door he shook off his company and ran. He halted in the district where by night are found the lightest street, heart, vows and liberttos.

2>.The newly elected member for Central Leeds took the oath and his seat. 3>.Old people gathering in the social hall for comradeship and a hot lunch.

4>.While the vietnam vet was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career.

5>.The businessman left in high spirits and a Cadillac.

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6>.The moon was above, cold and beautiful, and the music reminded Soapy of those days when his life contained such things as mothers and roses and clean thoughts and collars. 7>.She opened the door and her heart for the homeless boy. 26.Sarcasm: (讽刺）

It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.

【irony : 1) the amusing or strange aspect of a situation that is very different from what you expect 2) the use of words that say the opposite of what you really mean,often as a joke and with a tone of voice that shows this

satire : a way of criticizing a person ,an idea or an institution in which you use humour to show their faults or weaknesses

sarcasm : a way of using words that are the opposite of what you mean in order to be unpleasant to sb or to make fun of them

可见 irony 和 sarcasm 都有反语的意思 而 sarcasm通常指对人进行

挖苦嘲讽，irony可以指其他事物。satire和上面两个有区别，是指通过幽默对人，想法或机构的讽刺和取笑比如讽刺社会的阴暗面等。】 27.Allusion典故

它包括引用典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。

1>.A university degree is no longer the open sesame to a good job.

2>.Mary is a good dancer but she’s getting fat latterly,which is her Achilles’ heel.

3>.He walked at the head of the funeral procession,and every now ang then wiped away his crocodile tears with a big hadkerchief. 28.Transferred epithet移位修辞格

1>.The American society saw a gnawing poverty during the year of the Great Depression.

2>.They are still prolonging the night: dancing,singing,gossiping,postpoing the unfortunate necessity of undertaking a day’s work in the fields after a sleepless night. 3>.He closed his busy life at the age of sixty.

4>.He occasionally even engages in electronic conversations with Apple users around the coungtry.

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5>.There was a short, thoughtful silence.出现了一阵短暂的、令人沉思的寂静。 6>.The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.一支令人安心的手 7>.This is the cheapest market in this country.最便宜的市场 29.Inanimate subject无灵主语

英语里主语常用人称和非人称两种形式来表达。用非人称主语表达时，往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”。而汉语则较常用人称主语表达，侧重“什么人怎么样了”。英语中非人称作主语的句子主要有两种类型：

1,从有无生命角度划分，主语可区分为有灵主语 (animate) 和无灵主语 (inanimate) 两类。无灵名词作主语，常翻译成各种状语，译成 “ 由于 …… 因此 ” ， “ 因为 …… 所以 ” ， “ 在 …… 之后 ” 等等。

非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”(inanimate subject)，表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb)表示人或社会团体的动作和行为，如：see，desert，find，bring，witness，give，escape，surround，kill，deprive，serve，send，know，tell，permit，invite，take，drive，prevent…from等，这类句子往往带有拟人化(personification)的修辞色彩。举几个例子： E.g. 1 Past experience has taught us that we should not depend on others for everything. E.g. 2 His name slips my mind.

E.g. 3 A good idea suddenly strikes me. (I suddenly have a good idea!) E.g. 4 A strange peace came over her when she was alone. (She was peaceful when she was alone.)

E.g. 5 My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again. 2.用非人称代词“it”作主语。 It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 30. Consonance尾韵

31.Regression回环 32.Quotation引用

33.Innuendo: (暗讽）

It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.

34.Zeugma: (轭式搭配）

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