英语常用修辞
1.Simile 明喻
明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。或者说是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. 例如:
1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud.
3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
4>.This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。
5>.He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。
6>.It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。 7>.Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what Henry Ford was to cars. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻
隐喻是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. 例如:
1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3>.German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets... 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 4>.The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
5>.All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.
6>.Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.
7>.Time is a river, of which memory is the water. Oh my friend, what I scoop up from the river is all yearning of you.
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3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻
3.借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。就是借用甲来表示乙，但前提条件是甲必须与乙关系密切和本质上有相似之处It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. 1>.以容器代替内容,例如: The kettle boils. 水开了.
The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. 2>.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. 3>.以作者代替作品,例如:
a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 4>.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.
5>.Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them... 几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
“word”在这里代替了“news, information”（消息、信息） 6>.Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”. 艾尔用眼睛说，“是的”。
“说”应该是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。 7>.A doctor mmust have the heart of a lion and the hand of a lady.
8>.She was to be sure a girl, who excited the emoions, but I was not the one to let my heart rule my head.
4.Synecdoche 提喻
提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般一般代替特殊. 又称举隅法，举隅指举一反三之意，具有“牵一发而动全身”之功能。主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。它往往因微见著，在提到某人或某物时，不直呼其名，与其密不可分的东西来代替。It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. 例如:
1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.他是本世纪的牛顿.
3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.
4>.The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的 血和肉建成的。句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”巨大的牺牲
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5>.“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world” 他说这是世界上最美的语言。这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。
6>.Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S. team. 很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘.“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。
[转喻、提喻、换称三种修辞手法的对比 一． 转喻（Metonymy）的定义与用法：
1. 定义：用某一事物的名称代替另一事物的名称的修辞手法叫做转喻或借代。这两种事物之间有着密
切相关的联系。(A metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.) 2. 用法：转喻通常用下列几种方式指代： ① 根据人名或商品品牌名：
Uncle Sam山姆大叔 Americans or the American government美国人/美国政府 John Bull约翰牛the English nation or a typical Englishman（英国/地道英国人） He is reading Shakespeare.他在读莎士比亚作品。S's works用作者指代作品
He went in debt just to keep up with the Joneses. 他为了与邻里攀比而负债。neighbours（用“琼斯家”指代“邻里”）
We drove a Ford to Hyde Park. 我们驾驶一辆福特牌小轿车到海德公园去。 a car whose make is Ford（用品牌名指代实物） ② 根据实物名称：
Finally she married money. 她最终嫁给了有钱人a rich man用钱指代“有钱人
I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. 我住在飞机场附近，日夜可以听到过往的飞机声。the noise made by passing planes 用“过往的飞机”指代“噪音” ③ 根据动植物名称：
the big apple（大苹果）→ New York city（纽约市）
Russian bear俄国熊→ Russians or the Russian government俄国人/俄国政府 British lion（英国狮）→ England or the English government（英国/英国政府）
The flower of the nation was sent off to war. 该国的壮小伙子都被送去打仗了。the strong young men（the flower通常用来指代“精英”、“精华”等。在句中，它被用来指代“壮小伙子”。） ④ 根据工具名：
When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen. arms writing战争结束后，他放下武器，从事写作。
The pen is mightier than the sword. 文章胜武力books and writing armed force（用“笔”指代“文章”，用“剑”指代“武力”。）
Only the knife can save him只有手术刀能挽救他operation用手术刀指代手术
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⑤ 根据职业名：
I could not hear the actors我听不见演员的台词,演员指代台词
Some students were talking loudly in class that I could not hear the teacher clearly. 一些学生在课堂上大声说话，我听不清老师的课。 the teacher's lecture （用“老师”指代“老师的课”。） ⑥ 根据装东西的容器或容器里所装的东西：
He is too fond of the bottle. 他太喜欢喝酒了。wine用容器瓶指代内含的物质酒 The kettle is boiling. 水开了。the water in the kettle用容器壶指代内含的物质水 His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他钱包里的钱不允许他那么奢侈。 the money in his purse（用“钱包”指代它里面所装的“钱”。）
Two beers, please. 请来两杯啤酒。 two glasses of beer （用内含的物质“啤酒”指代容器“杯”。） ⑦ 根据身体的部位：
Brain drain. 人才流失。talent（用“大脑”指代“人才”。）
But I was not one to let my heart rule my head. 我可不是那种让感情驾驭理智的人。 feelings or emotions reason or good sense（用“心”指代“感情”，用“头”指代“理智”。）
Grey hairs should be respected. 老年人应该受到尊敬。old people （“头发”是人体的一部分，其前加了形容词“灰白的”之后，具有一种象征意义，常用来指代“老年人”。） ⑧ 根据典型实物借代职业：
He decided to enter the bar after college. 他决定大学毕业后当律师。the legal profession（the bar原意是法庭围栏，现常用来指代律师职业）
Members of the press weren't allowed into the combat zone. 新闻记者不准进入战斗区域。newspaper reporters the press原意是印刷机，现用来指新闻记者
He has been appointed to the bench. 他被委任为法官。position of judge （the bench原意是法官的席位，现常用来指代法官。） ⑨ 根据制作某东西的材料：
He had only a few coppers in his pocket. 他口袋里只有几个铜币。coins（copper是制作coin的材料。） She was dressed in silks. 她穿丝绸衣服silk clothes silk是制作clothes的料子 ⑩ 根据政府、工商企业的所在地以及事物活动的场所： the White House（白宫）→ the U.S. government（美国政府） Wall Street（华尔街）→ U.S. financial circles（美国金融界） Capitol Hill（国会山）→ the United States Congress（美国国会） Foggy Bottom（雾谷）→ U.S. State Department（美国国务院） Hollywood（好莱坞）→ American film-making industry（美国电影业） Madison Avenue麦迪逊大街→ American advertising industry美国广告业
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Downing Street（唐宁街）→ the British government（英国政府） Fleet Street（舰队街）→ The British press（英国新闻界）
Down Under（对跖地）→ Australia or New Zealand（澳大利亚或新西兰）
The field was won after two hours of bloody fighting. the battle 经过2小时的浴血奋战，战斗取得了胜利。（用“战斗场地”指代“战斗”。）
二． 提喻（Synecdoche）的定义与用法：
1. 定义：用局部代替全体或全体代替局部，用属代替种或种代替属，用具体代替抽象或抽象代替具体
的修辞手法叫做提喻。(A synecdoche is a figure of speech that involves the substitution of the part for the whole or the whole for the part, and the substitution of the species for the genus or the genus for the species, and also the substitution of the concrete for the abstract or the abstract for the concrete.) 2. 用法： ① 以局部代全体：
The poor man had six mouths to feed. 这可怜的人要养六口人people （“口”只是人体的一部分，在此用来指代“人”。）
The poor man is now left without a roof. 这可怜的人落得个上无片瓦。house （“屋顶”只是房子的一部分，在此用来指代“房屋”。）
He can't ride a wheel. 他不会骑自行车。bicycle（“轮子”只是自行车的一个部件，在此用来指代“自行车”。） ② 以全体代局部：
The birds sang to welcome the smiling year. 小鸟歌唱迎新春。the spring （“春季”只是“一年”中的一个季节，句中用“欢笑的年”指代“春天”。）
He has gained a footing in the musical world. 他在音乐界站住了脚。field（“世界”包括一切，表示“领域”的“界”。） ③ 以属代替种：
Spring vanishes with the rose. 花谢春尽。flowers“玫瑰”属于“花”中的一种 It will cost you a pretty penny这恐怕会花你许多钱money便士属于钱中的一种 ④ 以种代替属：
I don't like to eat meat. 我不想吃猪肉。pork肉包括“猪肉”在内的任何一种肉
What a lovely creature! 多么美丽的女人啊！a beautiful woman（“人”包括“女人”在内的任何一种人。）
⑤ 以具体代抽象：
He earned his bread as a teacher. 他以教书为生living面包指代抽象名词生计
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The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face. 他的脸上带着凶残和贪婪的神色。fierceness ? greediness（用“狼”指代其“凶残的”本性，用“猪”指代其“贪婪的”本性。） ⑥ 以抽象代具体：
All the wit and learning of the world were assembled there. the wise and learned scholars 所有聪明博学的人都聚集在那里。（“聪颖”和“学问”都是抽象名词，在此指代“学者”。）
It was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit. patients poor people 她来探望的是病人和穷人。（“疾病”和“贫穷”都是抽象名词，在此分别用来指代“病人”和“穷人”。）
三． 换称（Antonomasia）的定义与用法： 1.
定义：用头衔、绰号和称呼等代替姓名或称谓或用专有名词代替普通名词的修辞手法叫做换称。(An antonomasia is a figure of speech that involves the use of an epithet or title in place of a name, and also the use of a proper name in place of a common noun.) Antonomasia（换称、代类名）指用形容词、头衔等代替专有名词，比如用the Almighty代指上帝，用his Honour指法官，用Father of lies（谎言之父）指Satan。同时也可以用来表示用专有名词代替普通概念，Uncle Sam代替USA，Hercules（赫格立斯）代very strong person（力大无穷者）。换称中的专有名词通常有这几种来源：宗教、古代及当代的历史和文学，这也是它和喻代的不同之处。 用法：’
2.
① 用头衔、绰号和称呼等代替姓名或称谓：
His Majesty（陛下）→ a king or the name of the king（国王或国王的姓名） His Honor（阁下）→ a judge or the name of the judge（法官或法官的姓名） Iron Chancellor（铁血宰相）→ Bismarck（俾斯麦） ② 用专有名词代替普通名词： a. 源于宗教或神话：
Solomon（所罗门）→ a wise man（聪明人） Judas（犹大）→ a traitor（叛徒）
Helen（海伦）→ a beautiful woman（美女） b. 源于历史：
Hitler（希特勒）→ a tyrant（暴君）
He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿。a great scientist Milton（弥尔顿）→ a poet（诗人） c. 源于文学作品：
Romeo（罗米欧）→ a lover（情人） Holmes（福尔摩斯）→ a detective（侦探）
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四． 转喻（metonymy）与换称（antonomasia）的比较：
metonymy与antonomasia共同之处是它们都可以用人名或地名来借代人物或事物；它们的不同点在于：metonymy中的借代物与被借代物之间通常具有等同关系或密切相关的联系，而antonomasia通常是利用人的头衔、绰号，或利用历史上的名人、名胜以及小说、典故中的典型人物的特点来借代。并且，它通常是用专有名词指代普通名词。试比较：
例1：The Wall Street definitely has more say in their policy making. American financial center显然华尔街在他们的政策制定方面更有发言权。
（美国的各大银行、证券公司等都坐落在华尔街，故而华尔街成了美国金融中心的代名词。“华尔街”与“美国金融中心”具有等同关系，所以该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。） 例2：Shanghai is the New York of China. 上海是中国的纽约。
a big and flourishing city（纽约是美国的一个大城市，它具有“繁华”的特点；上海是中国的一个大城市，也同样具有“繁华”的特点，故该句用“纽约”指代“上海”。然而“上海”不能与“纽约”等同，我们不能说“上海”就是“纽约”， 所以该句所采用的修辞手法是antonomasia。） 例3：I have never read Li Bai. 我从未读过李白的诗。Li Bai's poems
（通过动词read，可以联想到此句中的“李白”是指“李白的诗”。虽然“李白”是我国唐代著名诗人，但该句并没有利用他的某个特点进行借代，所以它不是antonomasia。而“李白”与“李白的诗”之间具有密切相关的联系，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。） 例4：You Judas! 你这个叛徒！a traitor
（根据《圣经》，犹大是耶稣十二个门徒之一，他为了三十枚纹银出卖了耶稣。根据这一典故，“犹大”便成了“出卖朋友的人”和“叛徒”的代名词。该句是利用典故中的典型人物的特点来借代，故它所采用的修辞手法是antonomasia。）
五． 转喻（metonymy）与提喻（synecdoche）的比较：
metonymy与synecdoche的共同点是它们都可以用人体的各个部位进行借代；它们的不同点在于：metonymy是利用人体部位指代其功能或特点，而synecdoche则是利用人体的部位指代整体。试比较： 例1：Her heart ruled her head. 她的感情控制了理智。emotions good sense
（该句用“心”指代“感情”，用“头”指代“理智”。虽然“心”和“头”都是人体的部位，但说话者并没有用它们来借代“人”这个整体，而是指代根据其特点联想所产生的东西，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。）
例2：No eye saw him, but a second later every ear heard a gunshot. man 没有人看见他。可是，一秒钟以后每个人都听到一声枪响。（“眼睛”和“耳朵”都是人体的部位，在此用来借代其整体“人”。故该句所采用的修辞手法是synecdoche。） 例3：We are all ears. 我们洗耳恭听。listening attentively
（“耳朵”是人体部位，在此用来指代其“听”的功能，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。） 例4：Two heads are better than one. 两个脑袋总比一个脑袋强。people
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（“头”是人体部位，在此指代整体“人”，故该句所采用的修辞手法是synecdoche。） 例5：He has an old head on young shoulders. 他年轻而有见识。 ? experiences ? young man
（head是人体部位，前面加了形容词old后，产生一种联想意义，即“有见识的”；shoulders也是人体部位，前面加了形容词young后，产生一种象征意义，即“年轻人”。该句没有用人体部位指代整体，而是用人体部位指代其特点，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。） 例6：Never show your face again. 千万不要再露面。body
（“脸”是人体部位，在此指代整个“人” ，故该句所采用的修辞手法是synecdoche。）]
5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉
这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物. 是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。 例如:
1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice. 鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.
2>.Taste the music of Mozart.品尝Mozart的音乐.
3>.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested. 有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。
6.Personification 拟人
拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物. 是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees. 例如:
1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.
2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.
3>.She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”)一个夏天她
可能生育成千上万个孩子。
这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。
4>.My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.
我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。 英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化，赋以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。
7.Hyperbole 夸张
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夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果.. 运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。
It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing. 例如:
1>.I beg a thousand pardons.
2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.
3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.
4>.My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了。
5>.When I told our father about this,his heart burst.
当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时，他的心几乎要迸出来。
6>.My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’svoice on the phone. 从电话里一
听到我女儿的声音，我的心几乎停止跳动。
8.Parallelism 排比, 平行 ['p?r?leliz?m]
这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体. 例如:
1>.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
2>.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately. 9.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法
用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以避免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫的、沮丧的局面。婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话. It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to \ 例如:
1>.He is out visiting the necessary.他出去方便一下.
2>.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.他与妻子关系不融洽.
3>.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.
4>.He was both out of pocket and out of spirits by that catastrophe, failed in his health and
prophesied the speedy ruin of the empire. 5>.senior citizens代替old people; low income brackets代替poor people; handicapped代替
crippled; washroom\\ men’s\\women’s room代替lavatory; emotionally disturbed代替mad; a slow learner\\ an under achiever代替a stupid pupil.
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10.Allegory 讽喻,比方
这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为\换个方式的说法\它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事. 例如:
1>.Make the hay while the sun shines. 2>.It's time to turn plough into sword. 11.Irony 反语
反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法. 是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good. 例如:
1>.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
2>\3>.Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.
啊，当然，我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。 店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客：像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beg gar”而已。 4>.Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.
【sarcasm的特点是尖刻，往往蓄意中伤或讥讽；irony的特点是幽默或俏皮，故意使用同本意相反的说法，必须靠其语调或笔调表示真意；satire可用来泛指irony，sarcasm等，其特点是用来讽刺社会向现象或一些人，不像sarcasm那样指个人。】
12.Pun 双关
双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现. 是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here \ 例如:
1>.She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise. 2>.An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
3>.If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.
4>.Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both，sir!”cried the
Swede proudly. “Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。
5>.Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? Because they lie on one side, and then on the other, and remain wide awake all the time.
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13.Parody 仿拟
这是一种模仿名言.警句.谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞. 例如:
1>.Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year. 2>.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
3>.If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it. 4>.To smoke or not to smoke, that is a question.
5>.Wine was thicker than blood to the Mondavi brothers, who feuded bitterly over control of the family business, Charles Krug Winery. 14.Rhetorical question 修辞疑问
它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的. 例如:
1>.How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note? 2>.Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered? 15.Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶
It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced sructural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden. A figure of speech in which sharply contrasting ideas are juxtaposed in a balanced or parallel phrase or grammatical structure.
这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.（将强烈对立的想法并列于稳定、对等的短语或语法结构中的修辞方法。） 例如:
1>.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore. 2>.You are staying; I am going.
3>.Give me liberty, or give me death. 4>.Take little, give more.
5>.Pride hurts, modesty benefits.满招损，谦受益。 6>.All for one, one for all.人人为我，我为人人。 16.Paradox 隽语
这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法.. 例如:
1>.More haste, less speed.
2>.The child is the father to the man.三岁看老。
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3>.Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
4>.There are two ways of rising in the world, either by your own industry or by the folly of others. 5>.Nothing is more fatal to happiness than the rememberance of happiness.
6>.I believe, though, that praise should be measured, if there must be any, it should be negative to be constructive.
7>.I love him so much that I hate him when he looks at another girl. 8>.A lover of peace emerged as a magnificent leader of war.
9>.In fact, it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorly largely because they teach grammer so well.
10>.John McEnroe: The Champ You Love to Hate.
11>.Saturday Night on Sunday Morning.(推销录像机的广告标题) 12>.Homeless, they have a hundred homes.
13>.The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees. 14>.No news is good news.(尤其在战争年代) 17.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻,矛盾修饰法
这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义. 例如:
1>.No light, but rather darkness visible.
2>.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.
3>.The mother is undergoing the joyful pain,and the painful joy of childbirth. 18.Climax 渐进法,层进法
这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象. 例如:
1>.I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
2>.Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
3>.And her face looking up, her lost face with beseeching eyes, and dark, wet hair-possessed,
haunted, tortured him. 19.Anticlimax 渐降法
与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列. 例如:
1>.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
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2>.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
3>.We had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and mule-loads of tourists---and the
dust.
4>.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots. 5>.It is truth uniiversally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must be in
want of a wife.
20.Rhetorical repetition叠言，重复叠言Repetition
这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。
1>.It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.
它必须用我们这些对于未来，对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。
2>... Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity. 因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人，更少痛苦，更少不安，更少死亡，更少疾病，和更少残废。
3>.I have written in bed and written out of it, written day and night. 我卧床写，起床写；白天写，晚上也写。
21.Onomatcpocia拟声
是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。
1>.On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing. 在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。
2>.She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt—sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西，如阳光呀，丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀，昆虫的叫声呀，开门的吱嗄声呀亲人的说话声呀
3>.The begger rattled the coins in his tin.
4>.She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt---sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one. 22.Alliteration头韵法
在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或音，以增强语言的节奏感。
How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness. 23.Analogy: (类比）
It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.将两个本质上不同的事物就其共同点进行比较，是通过比喻手法的综合运用帮助说明道理或描述某种复杂情况。
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比如说，我们在讨论政府职能的时候，假如我们不了解政府职能，我们可以从我们了解的组织谈起，比如我们可以讨论班级、学校、公司或者一些大型小型组织，从一个具体的问题到另一个问题而避免谈一些不熟悉的问题。具体的陈述可以类似如下开展：
Appropriate praise is to children what the sun is to flowers.
While elite colleges and universities still have high standards of admissions,some of the most “exclusive”prisons now require about five prior serious crimes before an inmate is accepted into their correctional program.
Writing a book of poetry is like dropping a rose petal down the Grand Canyon and waiting for the echo.将写书的动作和把玫瑰花瓣扔到大峡谷等回音类比。
24.Understatement: (含蓄陈述）降调陈述
It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.
1>.He is no mean opponent in the coming debate.(言外之意，他不是一个弱者，而是一个劲敌)
2>.There was a slight disturbance in the Soviet Union last year, which caused the disintegration of the country.
3>.It was not without reason that the Council decided to take such measures. 25.Syllepsis: (一语双叙）
It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)
In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.) 例句：
1>.At the next door he shook off his company and ran. He halted in the district where by night are found the lightest street, heart, vows and liberttos.
2>.The newly elected member for Central Leeds took the oath and his seat. 3>.Old people gathering in the social hall for comradeship and a hot lunch.
4>.While the vietnam vet was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career.
5>.The businessman left in high spirits and a Cadillac.
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6>.The moon was above, cold and beautiful, and the music reminded Soapy of those days when his life contained such things as mothers and roses and clean thoughts and collars. 7>.She opened the door and her heart for the homeless boy. 26.Sarcasm: (讽刺）
It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.
【irony : 1) the amusing or strange aspect of a situation that is very different from what you expect 2) the use of words that say the opposite of what you really mean,often as a joke and with a tone of voice that shows this
satire : a way of criticizing a person ,an idea or an institution in which you use humour to show their faults or weaknesses
sarcasm : a way of using words that are the opposite of what you mean in order to be unpleasant to sb or to make fun of them
可见 irony 和 sarcasm 都有反语的意思 而 sarcasm通常指对人进行
挖苦嘲讽，irony可以指其他事物。satire和上面两个有区别，是指通过幽默对人，想法或机构的讽刺和取笑比如讽刺社会的阴暗面等。】 27.Allusion典故
它包括引用典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。
1>.A university degree is no longer the open sesame to a good job.
2>.Mary is a good dancer but she’s getting fat latterly,which is her Achilles’ heel.
3>.He walked at the head of the funeral procession,and every now ang then wiped away his crocodile tears with a big hadkerchief. 28.Transferred epithet移位修辞格
1>.The American society saw a gnawing poverty during the year of the Great Depression.
2>.They are still prolonging the night: dancing,singing,gossiping,postpoing the unfortunate necessity of undertaking a day’s work in the fields after a sleepless night. 3>.He closed his busy life at the age of sixty.
4>.He occasionally even engages in electronic conversations with Apple users around the coungtry.
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5>.There was a short, thoughtful silence.出现了一阵短暂的、令人沉思的寂静。 6>.The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.一支令人安心的手 7>.This is the cheapest market in this country.最便宜的市场 29.Inanimate subject无灵主语
英语里主语常用人称和非人称两种形式来表达。用非人称主语表达时，往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”。而汉语则较常用人称主语表达，侧重“什么人怎么样了”。英语中非人称作主语的句子主要有两种类型：
1,从有无生命角度划分，主语可区分为有灵主语 (animate) 和无灵主语 (inanimate) 两类。无灵名词作主语，常翻译成各种状语，译成 “ 由于 …… 因此 ” ， “ 因为 …… 所以 ” ， “ 在 …… 之后 ” 等等。
非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”(inanimate subject)，表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb)表示人或社会团体的动作和行为，如：see，desert，find，bring，witness，give，escape，surround，kill，deprive，serve，send，know，tell，permit，invite，take，drive，prevent…from等，这类句子往往带有拟人化(personification)的修辞色彩。举几个例子： E.g. 1 Past experience has taught us that we should not depend on others for everything. E.g. 2 His name slips my mind.
E.g. 3 A good idea suddenly strikes me. (I suddenly have a good idea!) E.g. 4 A strange peace came over her when she was alone. (She was peaceful when she was alone.)
E.g. 5 My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again. 2.用非人称代词“it”作主语。 It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 30. Consonance尾韵
31.Regression回环 32.Quotation引用
33.Innuendo: (暗讽）
It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.
34.Zeugma: (轭式搭配）
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It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)
把适用于某一事物的词语顺势用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一个句子里一个词可以修饰或者控制两个或者更多的词，它可以使语言活泼，富有幽默感。当一个中心词与另外两个或多个词搭配时，这个中心词与其中一个或多个词属正常的自然搭配，而另一个或其他的词不是自然搭配。 如果单独使用，既不符合语法也不符合逻辑。
1>.When commemorating the great soul, the friends of his went to the graveyard with weeping eyes and hearts.为了纪念这位伟大的人物，他的朋友怀着沉重的心情，哭泣着来到墓地。（形容词weeping修饰eyes是正常的自然搭配，但修饰hearts则不是正常搭配，hearts通常由grieving修饰。） 2>.As I left home after breakfast, I shivered inwardly as well as outwardly. 早餐之后我离开家的时候，我的里里外外都在颤抖。
3>.I would my horse had the speed of your tongue.我希望我的马能有你的舌头的速度。 【syllepsis与 zeugma有语法范畴和修辞范畴之分，两者在语法范畴同义，而在修辞范畴既有重叠又有区别，虽然貌似相同，然而却有着本质上的区别。它们的共同之处都是用一个词同时与两个或多个词进行搭配，而且前后搭配的东西不同类，它们的区别是syllepsis所采用的搭配是自然的、合情合理的，而zeugma所采用的搭配是非自然的、牵强附会的。
Zeugma是用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）与两个以上的在意义上不相干的名词搭配。它用词简练，饶有风趣。
例句：She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.
Syllepsis是用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）同时与两个或者多个相搭配，巧用一词多义的特点。 例句：By day’s end, I had drilled 4216 holes to a depth of 18 inches, and I had lost nine pounds, my hearing, feeling in both hands and the ability to lift anything heavier than the evening paper.一天快结束的时候，我已经钻了4216个深达18英寸的洞，为此，我失去了9磅体重，失去了听力，失去了双手的感觉，还失去了举起比晚报更重的东西的臂力。】
35. Apostrophe 顿呼
In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person(dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! Awake! Awake! Awake!
36. Epigram 警句
It states a simple truth pithily有利地and pungently强烈地. It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.
37.Contrast对比
38.Symbol象征（写作手法）
Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention, especially a material object used to represent something invisible.象征，标志：通过联系、类似或传统来代表其他事物的某件东西，尤其代表抽象东西的实体。（象征是通过一些具体形象，使人产生联想，从而表现与之相联系的某种抽象的概念、思想、感情，表现作品主题的艺术创作手法，属于文艺学范畴，它是一种写作手法。 而借代，是一种修辞手法，是指用相关的事物来代替所要表达的事物，本体与借体之间没有相似点，只有相关性，因而不能加“像”字换成明喻。）
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40.Nonce word仿词
仿词是为了某种特殊需要而临时创造的、没有得到普遍使用的新词。英语仿词是对言语常规的一种变异，其原型可以是某一名词、口头禅、成语、谚语或名言。这种修辞方法的生成手段主要是换词，就是改动替换原型中的部分词语，可能是原型中的名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词或某一部分结构，把它们融合在自己的语句中，以增强文字的感染力和表现力。仿词具有语言生动、明快机智、辛辣锐利的特点，具有别具一格的修辞功能。
Red Star Over HongKong.红星照耀下的香港。
Red Star是载于美国《时代》(Times)周刊的一篇文章的标题。它以西方的观点谈香港回归中国的问题，这个标题就是模仿美国作家Edgar Snow的名著Red Star Over China(《红星照耀下的中国》)而写的。
41.Hyperbaton / Inversion / Anastrophe倒装
1>.A figure os speech, such as anastrophe or hysteron proteron, using deviation from normal or logical word order to produce an effect.倒装，倒置法：一种象倒装法或逆序法的修辞方法，使用与正常或逻辑的语序相偏离的方法，从而产生一种效果。 2>.Then come the climax of the trial.
3>.Up went the ballon into the cloudless sky.气球腾空而起，飘入万里无云的蓝天。
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