位得到确立。这是产业领导能力到达一定程度的结果。能力体现在这些发明：管理方面，处理事情，投资，经营的专业知识，管理机构间的关系以及互补。

11. It is not enough to know what is right and what is wrong. One must also be able

to apply this knowledge to actual, concrete situations. For that, the virtue of prudence is essential. Unfortunately, the virtue of prudence has too often been confused with caution. The word that actually comes to closest to functioning as a synonym for prudence is “discernment”. In the final analysis, the prudence person has the ability to take every relevant factor and circumstance into account and then to make a moral decision for action in light of it all.

12. Additional skills have to be acquired, together with the following general

qualities: clear thinking, a logical approach, a good feel for data, and ability to communicate and enthusiasm.

13. Many countries are poor than they need be because of the ignorance of the people

who live in them.

14. There are many unsolved problems. For example, how do we see? We know that the

light is focused by the lens of the eye on the retina where is stimulate chemical activity, which in turn sets up electric currents in the nerve ends comprising the retina. We know that these currents, after passing through intricate interconnections. Travel to the brain along a bundle of nerves called the optic nerve. But be deeper, unsolved problem is: how does the brain interpret the innumerable electric impulses in such a way that we say “I see a house”or “I see boys playing with a ball”?

15. Mars is the fourth planet from the sun, the next beyond Earth. It has been a bright

object of mystery in the night sky since ancient times. It is named for the Roman God of War. Because of the color of its soil and rocks, Mars is also called the red planet. If life, past or present, is to be found anywhere else in the solar system, scientists say, Mars is probably the place. They believe that young Mars was much warmer and wetter than it is now, and had much thicker atmosphere. Today, Mars’ atmosphere is less than 1% as thick as Earth’s. It is mostly carbon dioxide while Earth’s atmosphere is mainly nitrogen. Mars is about half the size of Earth. It is almost 7,000 kilometers across. It has huge volcanoes and canyon 4,000 kilometers across, the biggest known in the solar system. The Viking space -crafts show deep cuts in the Martian surface. Scientists think ancient flowing rivers dug these Channels. Mars is also known for great dust storms which sometimes cover the planet. The average temperature on mars is 53 degrees below zero Celsius. Mar’s warm atmosphere is 27 above zero.

16. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is concerned with application of digital

computers and computer-based techniques to the design of engineering systems. The use of digital computers to assist in the engineering design process is not novel; in fact the numerical solution of design equations was one of the earliest applications of computers. Thus, the term CAD was used initially to describe the application of computers to any design calculation; it has now taken on a more specific meaning referring to interactive systems where the designer and

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computer are working together in an intimate partnership. Note that it is not intended that the engineer becomes redundant, but should in fact be the senior partner in the relationship, providing the overall control and creative inspiration. Using CAD systems the engineer is able to explore new ideas and techniques, with design results being rapidly communicated back to him in a graphical or typewritten form. In this way the experienced designer can quickly acquire a fundamental understanding of the problems involved, whilst at the same time gaining valuable experience of different design procedures. As well as providing analysis and synthesis procedures, the use of CAD also enables the engineer to document his designs and generate checking facilities.

17. As a matter of vocabulary, we say that voltage exists across an element. The

voltage is proportional to the work required to move a positive charge from terminal b to terminal a. on the other hand, the voltage is proportional the work required to move a positive charge from terminal a to terminal b. we sometimes read as “the voltage at terminal b with respect to terminal a”. Similarly, can be read as “the voltage at terminal a with respect to terminal b”. Alternatively, we sometimes say that is the voltage drop from terminal a to terminal b. The voltage and the current are similar but different. They have the same magnitude but different directions.

18. In representing a circuit and its element, we must define a consistent system of

units for the quantities occurring in the circuit. At the 1960 meeting of General Conference of Weights and Measures, the representatives modernized the metric system and created the International System of Units, commonly called SI units. The basic units such as length in meters (m), time in seconds (s), and current in amperes (A) can be used to obtain the derived units.

19. Now the most common means of voice communication in the world, the telephone

of today is infinitely more sophisticated and effective than the crude instrument developed by Bell, and it is being used in ways he could not possibly have foreseen. Today, communication is being seriously considered a communications service “on the move”. Because America is such a highly mobile society—a society on wheels—telephones in cars and trucks are becoming as essential as those in homes and offices. Another area rapidly being expanded is overseas telephone service. In 1927, when overseas telephone service was inaugurated with a radio telephone call between New York and London, the occasion was heralded as thrilling. Today, many, many telephone users regard international calls as routine, and overseas services, thanks largely to underseas cables and communications satellites, has undergone extraordinary improvement. Transmission has been made clearer, charges have been greatly reduced, and dependability has been improved. Overseas telephone service has now been extended to nearly 250 countries and areas throughout the world.

The introduction of direct distance dialing in 1951 was one of the most significant developments in the effort to improve long-distance service. Direct distance dialing is not only fast and convenient for the caller, it has also enabled telephone companies to handle the extraordinary growth of telephone use that

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has occurred since the 1950s.

Another very significant development in telephone use is in the areas of data communications.

20． Dependable maintenance, if broadly considered, has but one objective: to

maintain the original operating efficiency of the machine for the longest possible period, to detect in their early stages the approaching symptoms of trouble, and quickly to restore the equipment to service when the inevitable mechanical troubles do occur. Nearly all mechanical devices are ultimately overcome by gradual fatigue or abrupt failure, and we necessarily establish these studies as belonging essentially to the field of maintenance.

Close observation of bearing maintenance routines shows much that can be corrected or improved. Strangely enough, the average consumer has only a vague knowledge of bearing design, and there seems to be little or no awareness of the meaning or value of design variables. Familiarity with standard nomenclature, a positive aid in the rapid transmission of verbal and written orders for material, is far from being ideally established. Like-wise, the availability of refined grades is still unknown in a great many sections of the country.

It is toward the partial solution of these and other service problem that this manual is designed and written. In the simplest terms, and without suggestions for added shop investments, the text tells how the consumer may begin at once to enjoy better ball bearing performance.

练习三：

1—5 F T F T F 6—10 T F T T F 11—15 F T F T T 16—20 F T T T T

练习四

因特网与电子商务

因特网像一条把你和数以百万计的其他的人们和组织连接在一起的高速公路。不像典型的高速公路上移动的是一个位置到另外一个位置，因特网上移动的是思想和信息。你的思想和信息不是在地理空间中移动，而是在赛伯空间中移动——电子形式的想法和信息移动的空间。网络提供简单易用的、令人兴奋的多媒体接口，就是连接到因特网上访问赛伯空间中可获得的资源。

因特网产生于1969年，当时美国正在建立一个叫远景研究计划代理网络(ARPANET)的工程，以发展国家的计算机网络。1992年，在瑞土的欧洲核研究中心(CERN)，该网被命名为WWW网，也叫全球信息网。早期，因特网上只有文本——没有图形、动画、声音及图像。后来网络提供了多媒体接口接人因特网。从这些研究开始，因特网已经发展而成为我们使用的一种工具了。有能力的末端用户需要知道因特网上有哪些丰富的资源。此外，他们需要知道如何有效的访问这些资源，有效地使用电子方式沟通，了解电子商务和有效率的利用浏览器、人口、网页、搜索工具和公用程序，而且，末端用户还需要知道组织如何使用企业内部网络

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和企业外部网络。

每天，有超过十亿的来自世界上各个国家的人使用因特网。他们上网做些什么呢?大多数的人是来聊天、购物、研究、娱乐，而且最快速成长的因特网应用之一是电子商务。你可以在计算机购物商场逛最好的商店，寻找最近的时兴货，寻找降价商品而且购买。电子商务，也叫e—商务，是在因特网上进行商品的买卖。你曾经在因特网上买过东西吗?如果还没有，在一两年内你将有非常好的机会。网上购物正在快速的增长而且看起来前途无量。 网上的商店是虚拟的商店，购物者可以去检查商品并且购买。一种新类型的叫网上店面创造组件或商务服务者的软件帮助商人们增加虚拟的店铺。这些软件创建了允许访问者登录，浏览，逛虚拟的超级市场，购买商品和服务的网站。

这些程序在幕后做得更多。他们考虑到税及运输费用，处理多种支付选择，更新并且补充存货清单，而且确保可靠和安全的信息传达。此外，虚拟商店网站还收集访问量，报告并评估该网站赢利的可能性。

在电子商务中一个最近的趋势是网上拍卖的流行。网上拍卖与传统的拍卖极其相似，只是买方与卖方很少面对面的交易。货主在网站上发布产品的描述，买主提出电子标价。就像传统的拍卖一样，有时竞标变得极具竞争性和狂热性。拍卖网站有以下两种基本类型： 拍卖行网站直接销售多种商品给出价者。拍卖行所有人出示的商品通常来自公司剩余的货存。这些站点的运作就像传统的拍卖行，讨价还价很常见。拍卖行网站被认为是安全的购物场所。

人一人拍卖站点的经营更像跳蚤市场。站点的主人提供一个研究会给很多的买主和卖主。当这些站点的所有者推进竞标程序时，他们并不对交易的完成情况或物品的真实性进行处理或核查。所以在这样一个跳蚤市场购物时，买主和卖主需要谨慎。

对电子商务一个最大的挑战是发展快速的而且可靠的购买商品的支付方式。现在三种基本付款方式是支票、信用卡和电子现金。 支票是最传统伪也可能是最安全的方式。不幸的是，支票买卖需要最长的时间通过支票的邮件检查。依据支票的收据，卖主需要核查支票。如果支票核对无误，被购买的物品才被送出。

信用卡购物比支票更快捷并且更方便。然而信用卡欺诈是买主和卖主都担心的事情。罪犯擅长盗窃、交易和在因特网上使用被偷窃的信用卡。

电子现金，或叫e—现金，在因特网上等价于传统的现金。它也被称为计算机现金或数字现金。买主通过中转的方式通过一个第三方(专门代理电子货币的一个银行)购买网络现金。买主购买货物使用电子现款。卖主通过第三方将电子现款转换成传统的货币。尽管不如信用卡购买那样方便，然而电子现金更安全。

第三章第五节

练习一： 一、

1．Asphaltic products and specificatins are covered in the scope of the research.

2. This paper seeks to justify the remedial measures in terms of the final safety analysis report. 3. Fatigue endurance enhancement is realized by using a thin layer of nitrile rubber.

4. The system is designed to be used for transferring the heat produced from the reactor core. 二、

Abstract : Responding to the urgent needs for preventing and curing SARS

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