2017考研英语基础班讲义
二〇一五年 主编：Ada 司
内部讲义 翻版必究
并列句
一.定义：
You may go with us, or you may stay at home. It was getting late; we had to go back. 二．并列句连词
1. 表示转折关系的并列连词有：but, yet , nevertheless, while 2. 表示因果关系的并列连词有：for
3. 表示并列附加关系：and，not only…but also 4. 表示选择关系的：either…or neither….nor or 三．并列句中的省略现象
Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled.
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.
He adds humbly that perhaps he was superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.(08)
定语从句
一． 什么是定语
二．定语的种类
定语前置 a lovely girl twenty students 定语后置 He give me a basket full of eggs A film about the life of workers. The ability to modify the environment.
三．定语从句含义
用句子做定语，放在被修饰对象的后面。 These are useful books
These are the books which I needed in my research. 区分：从句作定语和单词作定语的区别
总结：定语从句的结构 先行词+关系词+从句=定语从句 四．定语从句的模式 （一）先行词 1. 一个名词
Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night…
2． 一个短语或者从句作名词概念
We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.(2004年翻译)
What the were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion ago.
3. 一个完整的句子
He arrived an hour later, which annoyed his girlfriend very much.
（二） 关系代词 which/who/whom/that/whose 1. 关系代词指代人
That/who都可以充当从句的主语，宾语或者标语，但是，若先行词后出现逗号，这时的定语从句只能用who引导。
Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal .
whom 只能充当从句的宾语。
Do you know the man whom the director nominated as the leader of the research in the meeting.
2. 关系代词指代物
That 与 which 在指代物的时候可以互换
There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the deliberate educating of the young.(2009年翻译) 3. 关系代词whose
Whose用做关系词表示属格，也可以看作是关系形容词，因为它后面必须接一个名词，不能单独使用。Whose既可以指代人的所有格，也可以指代物的所有格。
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.（200年阅读 passage4） 注：whose=of+which/whom (三） 定语从句中的省略 关系词充当从句中宾语的省略
I know the boy ____ the teacher praised just now. 关系词充当主语的省略（分词做定语）
The first thing which is needed for innovation is fascinated with won （四）关系副词 介词+which/whom
This is the book ______you are looking for.
This is the book______ you are interested. 关系副词 when/where/why Beijing is the place____ I was born.= I can’t forget the day____ I joined the army. 判断关系代词和关系副词的方法。
I will never forget the days _____ we worked together. I will never forget the days _____ I spent in the city.
Is this the museum____ you visited a few days ago? Is this the museum____ the exhibition was held？ （五） 定语从句的分割
Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. （2004）
名词性从句
名词性从句的本质就是把一个完整的句子当一个名词来使用，那么从句就具备了名词所具备的所有性质。名词性从句包括主语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句，也就是说从句充当什么成分就叫什么从句。 一．主语从句
1.that引导主语从句时，that没有意义，但是that不能省略。 That she is has been dead is a truth.
2.当主句主语很长的时候，为了避免投中脚轻，会用形式主语。 It +be +adj. +that...... It+ be +n.+ that..... It+ be +v-ed +that.....
例1. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but they become sad when tears begin to flow.
例2. It is no mystery to me why many teenagers appear apathetic and burned out, with a “been there, done that” air of indifference toward much of it.
3.主语从句也可以是whether，what，who，which，whatever等引导。 例1.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.
例2.What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition -- if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. 二．宾语从句
在谓语动词，介词，动词不定式，分词，动名词之后都可以带有宾语从句
1.that引导的宾语从句，that没有意义，在口语或者非正式文体中常常省略。
I think that the local government should take a series of measures to solver the problem.
2.如果从句作宾语，而宾语后面还有补语，为了保持句子的平衡，用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句放在句尾。常跟这样的复合宾语的动词有：make，find，see，hear，think，consider，regard..... George made it clear that he opposed this project. 3.宾语从句在使用时，注意主句时态和从句时态变换。
Instead,the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not .
三．表语从句
表语从句位于主句的系动词之后
1.that引导表语从句，在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。 One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. 2.what/if/where....也可以引导表语从句 四．同位语从句
同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体，详实的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词一般是抽象名词，如hope，belief，fact，news，truth，suggestion等，同位语从句常用that来引导，有时候也可以用when和where等疑问词来引导
We know the fact that bodies possess weight. The rumor that he was arrested was unfounded.
We have reached the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing truth.
语法长难句解析
（1） A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.
（2）What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.
（3）What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.
（4）it was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad .
（5）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
（6）Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
（7）Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, /with the underlying assumption /that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. Grievance=complaint 单词很专业；正式
Angry=rage=outrage、
Poor=needy=impoverished poverty Sense of….. 。。。。。感
Sense/sensibility/sensational/sensitive/ Sensible Insensitive
Sensational news、轰动的；耸人听闻的
Sense:感觉；意义；理智
Sense and sensibility Capable=able
Be able to=be capable of=can
Capability/ ability/capacity /faculty :人（官） 能力：人
人（特殊）
Storage ________
Assume:=suppose Sume----sumption
Consume----consumption Underlying:潜在的
Underline:=v 强调；重视=emphasize on=put emphasis on =highlight= put a spotlight on
N+that。。。。
定语从句
同位语从句、
The news that surprises me a lot is true. The news that he has been dead is true. 同位语：
（1） 从句短：……的
（2） 长：切开翻译：名词+— ：+
从句
名词+是/即、就是+从句 主动 介词：
Regard as…看做；当做；视为 Consider.. as…. See….as….. Elect….as…. View，，，，as……..
v….as…..看做；当做；视为 定语从句： 定语是个什么鬼？ Adj+n 前置定语 N+adj 后置定语：
（1）形容词性短语可以做后置定语 The basket full of eggs.
（2）名词性短语做后置定语
The market 8 times larger than any competitor.
（3）介词短语做后置定语 This is a film about the Ring.
（4）不定式短语做后置定语
I have the ability to learn
English.
（5）定语从句
This is the book that I look for.
先行词+关系词+从句
先行词：n、代词，完整的句子
（6）分词短语做后置定语 There are 8 foreigners, who come from the USA
关系词：关系代词：+成分who/which/that/whom/whose
关系副词：when/where/why
This is the book that I look for.
This is the book in which I am interested. 介词+which
定语从句中,从句的谓语动词是不及物，而不及物和介词关系很疏远，那么介词可以提前+which/whom. 反之，
则不能动
This is the place in which/where I live.
I cannot forget the days _in which/when___ I joined the army
I cannot forget the days __that、which。0__ I spent with you.
关系代词在从句中充当宾语的时候，关系代
词可以去掉。
关系代词在从句中充当主语的时候，关系代词可以去掉，但是还要把从句的谓语改成相应的分词结构。
She is the only one loving me.
the bridge built is completed.
定语从句的分类： in our school, there are 8 teachers, who come from Hefei. 非限制：翻译 分开翻译 先行词，从句；错误的 in our school, there are 8 teachers who come from Hefei 限制；命题点；。。。。。的
the social structure in the economy that lead to fewer unemployment. 先行+关系+从句
先行+杂七杂八+关系词+从句
分割式定语从句
（8）Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Modify/shift/transfer/transform 性质/change/alter/alert/ Breaking bad
Modify:调节；改变（局部）=alter
Subject：n 科目；受试者 Adj：be subject to ….遭受；受到 V：be subjected to遭受；受到
Subject a to b ：使a 屈服与b
Particular ：特别的；特殊的=peculiar
Transfer：位置 Shift：位置；shift。。。to。。。。 ；方向；day shift night shift
Transfer from a to b
She is the girl crossing the river. 定语
（If ）given more time, I would finish the task. 分词做状语
刘畊宏 幸福的距离
改变：technological change Economic 、、、、
变形金刚 transformer 车-------人
交通银行：bank of communications
Mass communications Mess
A mass of=an amount of=a lot of
（9）The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Relieve：减轻 relieve/ease my economic/financial
pressure/stress/strain/burden Relive sb of sth 医学界：medical community =medicine
Community、：社区；society European community Forest community
Center on=focus on=concentration on 聚焦于。。。。 Individual：young individual Old individual Suggest: 建议；表明；暗示 人+谓语（认为）+that。。。。。 Engage in：(1)订婚 （2）雇佣 （3）参加；从事 参加兼职工作： Join in、take part in，engage in part-time jobs
Medicine: 药 ；医学
Vegetable:植物人
Implication : 暗示；含义=meaning 图画作文：
这幅图表达了一个深刻的含义 This drawing/cartoon/image conveys/delivers a deep implication . Imply: =infer=indicate=learn from Suicide \\sui---self cide----cut Commit suicide Commit crimes
合成词：医生 内科 外科：surgeon
Decision：绝对： 判决；裁决=judge =verdict
Pardon：赦免
Rule regulation act 法案 bill provisions legislation 有关部门应该颁布一些法律法规去严厉惩罚那些_____人。 The related/relevant department is supposed to/is required to issue rules and regulations to severely punish those who________ Supreme：至高无上的=important Court：法院 The Court
（10） Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others. Deed：行为；事迹 Penalty n 惩罚
.
(10) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
(11) It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s,radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.
(12) If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition - wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny - must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambitions behalf.
（13） In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up an ambition as an idea.
(4)Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by millions of people every day.
(15) Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. .
(16) While Japanese education is foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.
While=although=though Stress A over B I have lunch at home Tend to :往往
I tend to do my homework at night. 我中午在家吃饭
重视：Put/lay/place emphasis on Emphasize on Highlight v Underline: v Put a spotlight on Put a high value on
Though:conj 虽然；尽管 句adv(however)
Wangsicong，though，is loaded money(wealthy;rich).
中; with (17)
Neither
kind of sleep is at all well-understood,
but
REM sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.
(18) They are different in that their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin performs one or more specific functions in the body.
(19) It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. .
(20) Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights
of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
(21) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding..
(22) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
(23) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
(24) Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies..
(25) From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.
(26)Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
(27) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.
(28)We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
(29)Not long ago, with the country entering recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary cause of the poor U. S .economic performance.
(30)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.