洛阳理工学院毕业设计（论文）

rest.

Thus,at time 31/c an unbalanced situation similar to the situation at t=1/c again arises at the reservoir –pipe junctions with the difference that it is the upstream pipe which is at a pressure below the reservoir pressure and the downstream pipe that is above reservoir pressure .However,the mechanism of restoring wave propagation is identical with that at t=1/c,resulting in a-h wave being transmitted from the upstream reservior,which effectively restores conditions along the pipe to their initial state,and a+h wave being propagated upstream from the downstream reservoir,which establishes a flow out of the downstream pipe.Thus,at time t=41/c when these waves reach the closed valve,the conditions along both pipes are identical to the conditions at t=0,i.e.the instant of valve closure.However ,as the valve is still shut,the established flow cannot be maintained and the cycle described above repeats.

The pipe system chosen to illustrate the cycle of transient propagation was a special case as,for convenience,the pipes upstream and downstream of the valve were identical.In practice,this would be unusual.However,the cycle described would still apply,except that the pressure variations in the two pipes would no longer show the same phase relationship.The period of each individual pressure cycle would be 41/c,where I and c took the appropriate values for each pipe.It is important to note that once the valve is closed the two pipes will respond separately to any further transient propagation.

The period of the pressure cycle described is 41/c.However,a term ofen met in transient analysis is pipe period,this is defined as the time taken for a restoring reflection to arrive at the source of the initial transient propagation and,thus,has a value 21/c.In the case described,the pipe period for both pipes was the same and was the time taken for the reflection of the transient wave propagated by valve from the reservoirs.

From the description of the transient cycle above,it is possible to draw the pressure-time records at points along the pipeline.These variations are arrived at simply by calculating the time at which any one of the±h waves reaches a

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洛阳理工学院毕业设计（论文）

point in the system assuming a constant propagation velocity c.The major interest in pressure transients lies in methods of limiting excessive pressure rises and one obcious method is to reduce valve speeds.However,reference to fig.illustrates an important point no reduction in generated pressure will occur until the valve closing time exceeds one pipe period.The reduction in peak pressure achieved by slowing the valve before a time 21/c from the start of valve closure and,as no beneficial pressure relief can be achieved if the valve is not open beyond this time.Generally,valve closures in less than a pipe period are referred to as rapid and those taking longer than 21/c are slow.

In

the

absence

of

friction

,

the

cycle

would

continue

indefinitely .However ,in practice, friction damps the pressure oscillations within a short period of time .In system where the frictional losses are high,the neglect of frictional effects can result in a serious underestimate of the pressure rise following valve closure.In these case,the head at the valve is considerably lower than the reservoir head.However,as the flow is retarded,so the frictional head loss is reduced along the pipe and the head at the valve increase towards the reservoir value.As each layer of fluid between the valve and the reservoir is brought to rest by the passage of the initial +h wave so a series of secondary positive waves each of a magnitude corresponding to the friction head recoverd is transmitted toward the valve,resulting in the full effect being felt at time 21/c.As the flow reverses in the pipe during time 21/c to 41/c,the opposite effect is recorded at the valve because of the re-establishment of a high friction loss,these variations being shown by lines AB and CD.In certain cases,such as long distance oilpipelines,this effect may contribute the larger part of the pressure rise following valve closure.

In addition to the assumptions made with regard to friction in the cycle description,mention was also made of the condition that the pressure drop waves at no time reduced the pressure in the system to the fluid vapour pressure.If this had occurred,then the fluid column would have separated and the simple cycle described would have been disrupted by the formation of a

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洛阳理工学院毕业设计（论文）

vapour cavity at the position where the pressure was reduced to vapour level.In the system described,this could happen on the valve’s downstream face at time 0 or on the upstream face at time 21/c.The formation of such a cavity is followed by a period of time when the fluid column moves under the influence of the pressure gradients between the cavity and the system boundaries.The period is normally terminated by the generation of excessive pressure on the final collapse of the cavity.This phenomena is generally referred to as column separation and is frequently made more complex by the release of dissolved gas in the vicinity of the cavity.

Pressure transient propagation may be defined in any closed pipe application by two basic equations,namely the equations of motion and continuity applied to a short segment of the fluid column.The dependent variables are the fluid’s average pressure and velocity at any pipe cross section and the independent variables are time and distance,normally considered positive in the steady flow direction.Friction will be assumed proportional to velicity squared and steady flow friction relationships will be assumed to apply to the unsteady flow cases considered.

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洛阳理工学院毕业设计（论文）

压力冲击现象

在着手分析压力冲击现象和化分合理的流体方程之前，去描绘一般的关于压力传递的机械理论。通过参与这个关于阀门定位在一个较长点几乎没有摩擦的管道传输液体于两个蓄能源之间的结果之后是必要的。这个阀门连接的顺流管道截面和逆流管道截面考虑是一样的。压力冲击流将通过阀门操作传递在两个管道之间，并且假设阀门的关闭速度不应用于坚固圆管理论。

如果阀门是关闭的，而液体的流向是逆方向的，缓慢前进，结果导致液体被压缩和管道的横截面膨胀。阀门的压力增加导致高压液体逆向流动，延长了液体流过圆管通向阀这段管道的时间。这种高压液体的流动类似声音的传播，是依靠液体和管道材料作为介质的。

同样，阀的顺流面流动的延迟，将导致减小压力在阀门处。这个结果否定了高压液体的流动是沿着顺流管道的，阻止液体流动，假设流体压力在顺流管道是不能减小液体压力的或者蒸汽压力或者溶解气体释放的压力，各种愿意的考虑是不同的。

这样，关闭着的阀门导致高压液体的流动是沿着管道的，尽管那些流动有着各种不同的征兆。相对于稳定的压力流经阀门开启的管道。这种影响是关于液体流动的延迟在两种管道截面之间，管道自身受到影响由于液体逆向产生高压，管壁膨胀。同时，顺流管道缩短，由于流经液体的压力降低，这种管道横截面的巨大变形是由于管道材料的，并且能够被证明。例如，使用薄壁型橡胶管材。高压液体沿着液流前进。实践证明，由于液体的张力流向沿着管壁，它的速度接近于声速。在这种管道材料中，然而，这是一种次要作用，当认识到它的存在，能够解释一部分压力的传递时间随着阀门关闭特点，它几乎没有影响到压力标准应用在压力冲击现象。

在阀门关闭之后，这时是受压时间将主要依靠系统的边界条件，为了描绘阀门关闭的结果在同一个系统上，它将很容易说明在大量的图表上面，管道在每个时间段的情形。

由于阀门的关闭是瞬时的，液体接近每一段管道的阀门会带来停止，

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