河南理工大学毕业设计（论文）说明书

摘 要

采用三端集成LM338正电压输出可调式稳压器和LM324运算放大器，输出电压在0～30V之间连续可调电压供功率放大器使用。该稳压电源具有性能稳定，结构简单、电压、电流指标精度高，调节方便等优点。

三端可调稳压器具有体积小，稳定性高，输出阻抗小，温度性能好等优点。但是在实际应用中，可调式稳压器随着输入—输出压差的增大，增大了稳压器的功耗，缩短了稳压器的使用寿命。稳压器的功耗分为有载功耗和无载功耗，有载功耗大于无载功耗，这是在设计和使用稳压器时需要特别注意的。稳压器工作时的功耗主要取决于稳压器调整管的压差和流经的电流。所以在实际应用中，稳压器的压差应在允许值范围内越小越好。

为了实现电压连续可调，并降低稳压器的功耗，可采用外界取样电路，自动进行调控的设计方案。输入电压分为几个档位，从而降低稳压器的压差，电路简单、调试方便。价格低廉，并可大大降低稳压器的功耗，提高了稳压器的使用寿命和工作稳定性。

本文介绍了运算放大器对集成稳压器的输入—输出压差进行实时控制的基本原理，并介绍了30V/5A低功耗可调稳压电源的电路设计方法。

关键词：稳压器；变压器；可调电源

I

河南理工大学毕业设计（论文）说明书

ABSTRACT

Summary of three-Terminal integrated LM338 voltage adjustable voltage regulator and LM324 op-amp output voltage adjustable 0~30V voltage for the amplifier to use. The regulated power supply with stable performance, simple structure, high precision voltage and current specifications, convenient adjustment and so on.

Three-Terminal adjustable regulator with small size, high stability, small output impedance, temperature as well as good performance. But in practice, adjustable regulator with input-output voltage increases, increasing the power of the regulator, shortening the life span of the regulator. Regulator-power is divided into on-load and no-load power consumption power consumption, have power greater than the no load power consumption, which is designed and used regulators need to pay special attention. Regulator power mainly depends on the voltage regulator to adjust when pipe pressure differential and flow through the current. So in practice, differential pressure regulator should be well within the range of allowed values is smaller.

In order to achieve continuous voltage can be adjusted, and reduce power consumption by regulators, using outside sample circuit, automatic control design. Input voltage is divided into several stalls, thereby reducing the differential pressure regulators, circuit is simple, easy to debug. Prices are low, and can greatly reduce the voltage of power consumption, improving the stability of the regulator's life and work.

Describes the integrated operational amplifier input-output voltage regulator fundamentals of pressure difference control in real time, and introduced the 30V/5A adjustable regulated power supply circuit design method of low power consumption.

Key word: Regulators; Transformer; Adjustable power

II

河南理工大学毕业设计（论文）说明书

目录

1 引言 .............................................................. 1

1.1 论文研究背景与意义 .......................................... 1 1.2 本课题研究内容与目标 ........................................ 1 2 线性稳压器 ......................................................... 2

2.1 线性稳压器的主要特点 ......................................... 2 2.2 标准集成线性稳压器的产品分类 ................................. 3

2.2.1 三端固定式集成稳压器的分类及工作原理 ................... 3 2.2.2三段可调式集成线性稳压器的分类及工作原理 ............... 7 2.2.3多端集成线性稳压器 .................................... 11 2.2.4 跟踪式正、负压对称输出集成线性稳压器 .................. 11 2.2.5 其他集成线性稳压器 .................................... 11 2.3 集成稳压器的选择 ............................................ 11 2.4 集成稳压器的主要技术参数 .................................... 13 2.5 线性稳压器外部保护电路工作原理 .............................. 15

2.5.1 反向偏压保护 .......................................... 15 2.5.2 输出端反极性电压保护电路 .............................. 16 2.5.3 瞬态过电压保护电路 .................................... 17

3 其他元器件的选型 .................................................. 19

3.1 运算放大器 .................................................. 19

3.1.1 运算放大器的作用及工作原理 ............................ 19 3.1.2 运算放大器构成的电压比较器 ............................ 19 3.1.3 运算放大器LM324 ...................................... 21 3.2 开关三极管 .................................................. 22

3.2.1 开关三极管的简单介绍 .................................. 22 3.2.2 开关三极管的工作原理 .................................. 23 3.2.3 开关三极管的特点及应用 ................................ 23 3.3 稳压二极管 .................................................. 24 3.4 电压继电器 .................................................. 24 4 稳压电路的设计 .................................................... 26

4.1直流稳压电源的基本原理 ...................................... 26

I

河南理工大学毕业设计（论文）说明书

4.1.1直流稳压电源设计思路 .................................. 26 4.1.2直流稳压电源 .......................................... 26 4.2可调试集成稳压电源的设计 ................................ 27 4.2.1.可调试三端集成稳压电源的设计基础 ...................... 27 4.2.2 基本单元电路的设计 .................................... 30 4.2.3 电路结构图设计 ........................................ 31 4.2.4 功耗计算 .............................................. 33 4.2.5 集成稳压器的散热器设计 ................................ 33

5 电源的安装与仿真调试 .............................................. 37

5.1 元器件 ...................................................... 37

5.1.1.电解电容的引脚 ........................................ 37 5.1.2.电阻 .................................................. 37 5.1.3 整流桥 ................................................ 38 5.1.4 二极管 ................................................ 39 5.1.5 三端可调稳压器 ........................................ 39 5.2 安装与调试 .................................................. 39 6 结语 .............................................................. 41 致 谢 .............................................................. 42 参考文献 ............................................................ 43 附录一 电器主接线图 ................................................. 44

II