PROFESSOR: GRANT:

PROFESSOR: GRANT:

PROFESSOR: GRANT:

PROFESSOR: GRANT:

PROFESSOR: GRANT:

PROFESSOR:

might not be aware, but it’s estimated that native bees’ pollination of flower and vegetable crops is worth 1.2 billion dollars a year. So in a way they’re the farmers’ friend. Oh, and another thing is, if you're stung by an Asian Honey Bee, it can produce an allergic reaction in some people; so they’re much more dangerous than native bees.

How will you know if Asian bees have entered Australia?

We’re looking at the diet of the bird called the Rainbow Bee Eater. The Bee Eater doesn’t care what it eats, as long as they’re insects. But the interesting thing about this bird is that we are able to analyse exactly what it eats and that’s really helpful if we’re looking for introduced insects. How come?

Because insects have their skeletons outside their bodies, so the Bee Eaters digest the meat from the inside. Then they bring up all the indigestible bits of skeleton and, of course, the wings in a pellet – a small ball of waste material which they cough up. That sounds a bit unpleasant. So, how do you go about it?

In the field we track down the Bee Eaters and find their favourite feeding spots, you know, the places where the birds usually feed. It’s here that we can find the pellets. We collect them up and take them back to the laboratory to examine the contents. HOW do you do that?

The pellets are really hard, especially if they have been out in the sun for a few days so, first of all, we treat them by adding water to moisten them and make them softer. Then we pull them apart under the microscope. Everything’s all scrunched up but we’re looking for wings so we just pull them all out and straighten them. Then we identify them to see if we can find any Asian bee wings. And how many-have you found?

So far our research shows that Asian bees have not entered Australia in any number – it’s a good result and much more reliable than trying to find live ones as evidence of introduced insects.

Well, that’s fascinating! Thank you, Grant, for those insights. I hope that you might inspire some of our students here to conduct some similar experiments.

Script 11

OK, so we’ve been looking at the attitudes of various social and cultural groups towards the management of their personal finances – how important they feel it is to save money, and what they save their money for. One aspect that we haven’t yet considered is gender. So if we consider gender issues we’re basically asking whether men and women have different attitudes towards saving money, and whether they save money for different things.

Back in 1928 the British writer George Bernard Shaw wrote in his Intelligent Women’s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism that ‘A man is supposed to understand politics, economics and finance and is

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therefore unwilling to accept essential instruction.’ He also said, ‘A woman, having fewer pretensions, is far more willing to learn’. Now, though (these days people might question a lot of the assumptions contained in those statements, recent research does suggest that there are some quite fundamental differences between men and women in their attitudes to economic matters.

Let’s look at what men and women actually save for. Research studies of women in North America have found that women are far more likely to save for their children’s education and they are also more likely to save up in order to buy a house one day.

The same studies have found that men, on the other hand, tend to save for a car, which by the way takes a surprisingly large amount of the household budget in North America.

But the other main priority for men when saving money is their retirement. When they’re earning, they’re far more likely to put money aside for their old age than women are.

Now this is rather disturbing, because in fact the need for women to save for their old age is far greater than for men. Let’s consider this for a moment. To start with, it is a fact that throughout the world, women are likely to live many years longer than men, so they need money to support them during this time. Since women are likely to be the ones left without a partner in old age, they may therefore have to pay for nursing care, because they don’t have a spouse to look after them. Furthermore the high divorce rates in North America are creating a poverty cycle for women. It is the divorced women who will most often have to look after the children and thus they need more money to look after not just themselves but others.

So what can be done about this situation? The population in North America is likely to contain an increasing number of elderly women. The research indicates that at present for women it takes a crisis to make them think about their future financial situation.

But of course this is the very worst time for anyone to make important decisions. Women today need to look ahead, think ahead – not wait until they’re under pressure. Even women in their early twenties need to think about pensions, for example, and with increasing numbers of women in professional positions there are signs that this is beginning to happen. Then research also suggests that women avoid dealing effectively with their economic situation because of a lack of confidence. The best way for them to overcome this is by getting themselves properly informed so they are less dependent on other people’s advice. A number of initiatives have been set up to help them do this.

This College, for example, is one of the educational institutions which offers night classes in Money Management, and increasing numbers of women are enrolling on such courses. Here, they can be given advice on different ways of saving. Many women are unwilling to invest in stocks and shares, for instance, but these can be extremely profitable. It is usually advised that at least 70% of a person’s savings should be in low-risk investments but for the rest, financial advisors often advise taking some well-informed risks. Initiatives such as this can give women the economic skills and knowledge they need for a comfortable, independent retirement.

The increasing proportion of elderly women in the population is likely to have other economic consequences…

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