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第六讲:英语长句的翻译——换序法

When Smith was drunk, he used to beat his wife and daughter; and the next morning, with a headache, he would rail at the world for its neglect of his genius, and abuse, with a good deal of cleverness, and sometimes with perfect reason, the fools, his brother painters. A. 史密斯喝醉时常常殴打老婆和女儿;第二天早晨,虽然头疼,还抱怨世界忽视他的天才,接着又恨聪明地、有时是很有道理地谩骂那些傻瓜们——他的画家同行。

B. 史密斯喝醉酒时常常大老婆和女儿,第二天早晨还头疼,抱怨世界忽视他的才华,非常聪明地有时又是颇有理由地骂那些傻瓜——他的画家同行。

C. 史密斯醉酒后常常殴打老婆和女儿。第二天早上虽然还在头疼,仍然继续发酒疯:不是满嘴牢骚就是骂骂咧咧。他抱怨世人都不赏识他的才华;他痛骂他的画家同行都是笨蛋,骂得不但讥诮,而且有时也头头是道。

换序法,也可以称之为顺序调整法,即将英语原文中的某一个部分(词、词组或是从句)在原句中的位置进行变动,或放于句首,或放于句末,或插入句中;有时候还需要将原文中多个部分的位置打乱,重新组合。这样做是为了使译文更符合现代汉语的规范和习惯表达法,更利于译文的组织、行文的顺畅和结构的安排。

下面将从前置法、倒置法、拆离法、插入法和重组法五个方面来论述换序译法。

一、前置法 所谓前置法,就是将英语原句中的某个成分或某些部分,在翻译成汉语的时候放到句子的前面或中心词的前面。只要该成分不是太长,不至于造成行文上的拖沓或汉语句子在连接上的麻烦,我们就可以尽量使用前置法。这种方法可以使句子意义十分紧凑,使结构上的整体感更强。

在翻译时将英语句子中的后置定语成分(包括词、词组或从句),放在中心词(即被修饰成分)之前,使译文句子更加紧凑。 1. 定语(从句)前置

1) The General Assembly may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security.

2.状语(从句)的前置

1)Oil consumption is increasing rapidly throughout the world.

2)I couldn't think much of John after he had done a thing like that.

二、倒置法

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由于表达习惯上的不同,英语句子习惯将评述性或总结性的话放在句首,将先后关系中的 “后”放在句首,另外还可能出现倒装语序,将后面的部分放于句首,而现代汉语则正好是反过来的。在翻译的时候,要适当按照汉语的习惯将这些成分倒置过来。对于结构较为简单的句子,只要部分倒置即可;而对于结构较为复杂的句子,时候要根据其逻辑关系全部倒置。 1.部分倒置

1) It is quite certain that mankind will eventually solve the riddle of AIDS.

2) We got stuck for two hours in the mother of all traffic jams near the museum yesterday afternoon.

3) Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.

2.完全倒置

完全倒置要求抓住关键词,理清主要脉络,在改变原文结构的时候,要根据其意义,按照 逻辑关系,如条件关系、因果关系或时间的先后顺序等进行调整。

1)Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;①they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,②if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animal③.

2)He was puzzled①that I did not want what was obviously a ―step‖ toward②what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.③

三、拆离法

在英语句子中,有时候会有一些表示评价或注释的副词、形容词和介词短语等,它们在翻译成汉语时往往会出现行文上的困难。这时往往要采用拆离法,也就是将这些成分从句子主干中拆开,另行处理,以利于句子的总体安排。 1.拆离单词

1) The fat woman rushed into his room, her heavy body falling into the protesting chair.

2) The year 1983 began — and ended — with an unusual oil crisis: fears that the price of crude oil would not go up but down.

3) Next door, a larger-than-expected audience of 300 attended the Fifteenth International Conference on Laser Atmospheric Studies.

4) With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.

四、插入法

有些英语句子中的短语或从句比较长,在译文中的位置不好安排,给翻译带来不少麻烦。如

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果将它们放在有关词语的前面,会使译文晦涩难懂;放在后面又会显得结构松散。解决这一问题的途径之一就是釆用插入法,即利用汉语中的破折号、括号或前后逗号将英文中难以处理的句子成分插入到汉语的句子中。这样做的好处是可以适当保持原文的风貌,使译文比较顺畅,不至于产生疏漏。

破折号用于表达语流的中断、转折,也可以用来对文中的某一部分进行注释说明。括号则多用于解释语义、补充说明、交代某一事实的出处等等。但在英译汉时要注意以下几点: ①插入成分不宜太长。英语书面语的插入成分可以很长,但在汉语的习惯表达中却不宜太长,否则就可能形成句子主干成分隔断太远。 ②注意插入的位置。插入成分应尽量紧接被注释或被补充说明的部分,不要单纯追求同原文在形式上的一致。

③插入法不宜多用。插入法在英语中较多,在汉语中则较少。 在翻译过程中,常见的采用插入法的成分有定语(从句)、同位语、短语、状语(从句)和插入语。

In 1582 Richard Mulcaster, one of the earliest English grammarians who paid attention to this problem, wrote ―the English tongue is of small reach, stretching no further than this island of ours(England), nay, not there over all.‖

I remember going to the British Museum one day to read up the treatment for some slight ailment of which I had a touch — hay fever I fancy it was.

If the tickets are $ 2.00 each, you could make a table, as illustrated in Table I,to compare the number of tickets sold and the amount of money that should be collected.

五、重组法

有时候英语长句的翻译不是单单采用一种翻译方法就能解决问题的,尤其是在句子结构较为复杂、逻辑关系较为混乱的时候,就更令初学者难以下笔。这个时候我们就要考虑用重组法,也就是将英语长句的结构完全理清、将原义完全弄懂之后,按照汉语的叙述习惯重新组合句子。

重组的好处是:由于完全摆脱了原文语序和句子形式的约束,因此比较容易做到使汉语译文流畅、自然。其缺陷在于:由于完全摆脱了原文,难免丢三落四。原文的轻重、分寸和语气对于英语初学者和翻译实践较少的人也不容易掌握。因此,在运用重组法的时候,一定要小心谨慎。

1) The isolation of the rural world ① because of distance and the lack of transport facilities ② is compounded by the paucity of the information media. ③

2)It has been more than a year① since Alfred Jackson, a 38-year-old Brooklyn plumber,② was shot and killed by a neighbor③ because Mr. Jackson wanted to park in the spot where the man was walking his dog.④

3)A crimson blush came over Juliet’s face, ① yet unseen by Romeo by reason of the night, ②when she reflected upon the discovery which she had made, yet not meaning to make it, of her

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love to Romeo. ③

第七讲:英语长句的翻译——拆译法和换序法

一、优劣判断

1. One of my best speeches was delivered in Hyde Park in torrents of rain to six policemen sent to watch me, plus only the secretary of the society that had asked me to speak, who held an umbrella over me.

A. 我最精彩的一次讲话是在海德公园发表的。那一天大雨倾盆,听讲的是派来监视我的六名警察,另外还有邀请我讲话的那个团体的秘书,他给我打着伞。 B. 我最精彩的一次讲话是在海德公园的暴雨中讲的。我的话是讲给六名派来监视我的警察,听的,另外还有邀请我讲话的那个团体的唯一秘书,他给我打着伞。

C. 我最精彩的一次讲演是在海德公园。当时大雨倾盆,听众只有六名被指派来监视我的警察。邀请我讲演的那个团体仅仅派来一个秘书,他替我打伞。

2. Born in 1879 in Ulm, Germany, Albert Einstein was two years old when his parents moved to Munich, where his father opened a business in electric supplies.

A. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦于1879年出生在德国的乌尔姆城。在他两岁的时候,随父母移居慕尼黑。他父亲在慕尼黑开了一家工厂,从事电气器材的生产与销售。

B. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦1879年生于德国的乌尔姆城,当他的父母移居慕尼黑并在那里开了一家生产电气器材的工厂时,他才两岁。

C. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦1879年生于德国的乌尔姆城。他父母移居慕尼黑并在慕尼黑开了一家生产电气器材的工厂,当时他两岁。

3. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can nol longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.

A. 我就希望在工作时死去,知道别人将继续完成自己不再能做的事,而且想到所有可能做到的事都已经做了,心情很满意。

B. 我就希望在工作时死去,知道自己不再能做的事有人会继续下去,并且怀着满意的心情想到,自己能做的事都已做到了。

C. 我就希望能在工作时死去。在弥留之际知道自己已经功德圆满,并且自己的未竟之业已后继有人,就可以心满意足地离开人间了。

二、句子翻译 A. 拆译法

1. His failure to observe the traffic regulations resulted in a serious accident.

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