D. neither absolute nor comparative advantage

3. What proportion of international trade is based on absolute advantage? A. All B. most *C. some D. none

4. The commodity in which the nation has the smallest absolute disadvantage is the commodity of its: A. absolute disadvantage B. absolute advantage C. comparative disadvantage *D. comparative advantage

5. If in a two-nation (A and B), two-commodity (X and Y) world, it is established that nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity X, then nation B must have: A. an absolute advantage in commodity Y B. an absolute disadvantage in commodity Y C. a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y *D. a comparative advantage in commodity Y

6. If with one hour of labor time nation A can produce either 3X or 3Y while nation B can produce either 1X or 3Y (and labor is the only input): A. nation A has a comparative disadvantage in commodity X B. nation B has a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y *C. nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity X D. nation A has a comparative advantage in neither commodity

7. With reference to the statement in Question 6:

A. Px/Py=1 in nation A B. Px/Py=3 in nation B C. Py/Px=1/3 in nation B *D. all of the above

8. With reference to the statement in Question 6, if 3X is exchanged for 3Y: A. nation A gains 2X *B. nation B gains 6Y C. nation A gains 3Y D. nation B gains 3Y

9. With reference to the statement of Question 6, the range of mutually beneficial trade between nation A and B is: A. 3Y < 3X < 5Y B. 5Y < 3X < 9Y *C. 3Y < 3X < 9Y D. 1Y < 3X < 3Y

10. If domestically 3X=3Y in nation A, while 1X=1Y domestically in nation B: A. there will be no trade between the two nations B. the relative price of X is the same in both nations C. the relative price of Y is the same in both nations *D. all of the above

11. Ricardo explained the law of comparative advantage on the basis of: *A. the labor theory of value B. the opportunity cost theory C. the law of diminishing returns D. all of the above

12. Which of the following statements is true?

A. The combined demand for each commodity by the two nations is negatively sloped

B. the combined supply for each commodity by the two nations is rising stepwise C. the equilibrium relative commodity price for each commodity with trade is given by the intersection of the demand and supply of each commodity by the two nations

*D. all of the above

13. A difference in relative commodity prices between two nations can be based upon a difference in: A. factor endowments B. technology C. tastes

*D. all of the above

14. In the trade between a small and a large nation:

A. the large nation is likely to receive all of the gains from trade *B. the small nation is likely to receive all of the gains from trade C. the gains from trade are likely to be equally shared D. we cannot say

15. The Ricardian trade model has been empirically *A. verified B. rejected C. not tested

D. tested but the results were inconclusive 思考题：

比较优势原理所带来的贸易所得是从何而来的？贸易利益又是如何分配的？

现实世界中比较优势是如何度量的？你认为目前中国具有比较优势的商品有哪些？这意味着什么？

比较优势会不会发生变化？什么样的原因可能会导致其变化？ 经济学家是如何验证比较优势原理的？

Chapter 3: The Standard Theory of International Trade Multiple-Choice Questions

1. A production frontier that is concave from the origin indicates that the nation incurs increasing opportunity costs in the production of: A. commodity X only B. commodity Y only *C. both commodities D. neither commodity

2. The marginal rate of transformation (MRT) of X for Y refers to:

A. the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of X B. the opportunity cost of X

C. the absolute slope of the production frontier at the point of production *D. all of the above

3. Which of the following is not a reason for increasing opportunity costs: *A. technology differs among nations B. factors of production are not homogeneous

C. factors of production are not used in the same fixed proportion in the production of all commodities

D. for the nation to produce more of a commodity, it must use resources that are less and less suited in the production of the commodity

4. Community indifference curves: A. are negatively sloped