第八章时态
8.1概说
8.2 一般现在时
(II_2,II_26,II_50)
一般现在时可用于陈述现在时间内发生或存在的事件、动作或情况。这些事件、动作或情况也可能会无限期地延续下去。一般来说一般现在时可用于以下几种情况:
1>一般现在时可用于现阶段内发生的情况 E.g:
My father works in school. My sister wears glasses.
No two sorts of birds practisequite the same sort of flight. 没有任何两种鸟飞行方式相同的。
2>表示习惯性的动作,通常表示不断重复的动作,时间状语可带可不带。 E.g:
She gets up at 7:00. (即天天如此) John smokes a lot.
当使用频度副词,如always, never, usually, rarely, sometimes或副词短语every day, every week 时,这种现在时可使习惯动作表现得更加明显。 She visits her parents every day.
Cats never fail to fascinate human beings.
Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned.
有时,保密竟达到这样的程度,即连研究工作的整个性质都不准提及。 ----How often do you go to the dentist? ----I go every six months.
----Do you ever eat meat? (你经常吃肉吗?) ----No, I never eat meat.
3>一般现在时可以用来表示现在的特征或状态 E.g:
I am an art student and I paint a lot of pictures.(目前状态)
它也经常用于表述经常性或习惯性的动作,或带有普遍性的情况,频度副词可有可无。
Many people pretend that they understand modern art.(普遍情况)
They always tell you what the picture is “about”.(经常性动作,有频度副词)
4>表示客观真理、科学原理、自然现象,等客观事实或格言、谚语 E.g:
Tomorrow is Tuesday.
Waters boils at 100℃. (100℃读:one hundred degrees centigrade) The earth moves round the sun.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west every day. Summer follows spring.春去夏来。
5>当谈论的是关于时间表、节目单或日程表上所安排好的事情的时候,通常用现在时表示将来意义。
(用现在时表示将来时间,再其它情况也会出现,注意总结) E.g:
The exhibition opens on January 1st and closes on January 31st. We leave tomorrow at 11:00 and arrive at 17:50. 6>表示现在瞬间
一般现在时可以用来描述动作的完成与说话的时间几乎是同时的这种情况。常用于体育运动的实况报道、戏法表演、技术操作表演等的解说词。 E.g:
Demonstrator(示范者):Now I put the cake mixture into this bowl and add a drop of vanilla essence.
I declare the meeting opens. Now, look, I open the box.
7>表示状态和感觉的动词通常用于一般现在时。如appear, appreciate, be , believe, notice, feel, find, forget, resemble, hear, know, like, look like , remember, see, think, understand. 这些动词一般不用于进行时。
----I think they are watching TV.
----I’m sure they are, They often watch TV.
I can’t understand this picture. 我看不懂这副画。 Can you see any mistake? 你发现任何错误了吗?
另外有些表示所属关系以及喜好、憎恶、需要等感情的动词通常也只用于现在时而不用于进行时。这些动词包括belong to, consist of, contain, desire, detest, dislike, hate, hope, love, matter, mean, mind, need, want, wish等,它们往往表示通常的状态而不是动作。(参见II_50)
(个人注:其实这里说明了一般现在时更加强调的是通常的状态,而现在进行时更加强调的是动作)
E.g:
The car belongs to Dan. (不可用于进行时) I need a new hat. (表示状态)
----Listen to him! He’s singing a pop song. 听!他正在唱一首流行歌曲。(具体动作)
----I refuse to listen to anyone who sings pop songs.
我拒绝听任何人唱流行歌曲。(通常的状态,用一般现在时)
----Why are you drinking tea? Why do you drink coffee? 你为什么在喝茶?为什么不喝咖啡呢?(当时的动作) ----I prefer tea.
我喜欢茶。(通常的状态)
----Why is she wearing that dress? ----I expect she likes it. 我想她喜欢它。
(expect在这里相当于think,不能用进行时;like表示通常的状态)
----Hasn’t she phoned you yet? 她还没给你打电话吗?
----No, but I’m expecting her to phone any minute now. 没有,不过她现在随时可能打来电话。
(expect在这里相当于行为动词wait,所以用进行时态)
8.3 一般过去时
一般过去时通常表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。它通常指动作何时发生,而不指动作持续多久。因此,过去时与表明事情发生的状语连用是非常重要的。
1>一般过去时通常表示过去某一时间发生的而现在已经结束的动作、事情或状态,常和表示过去某一时间的状语just now, yesterday, at that time, three years ago, recently等连用 E.g:
Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of
soldiers and settled near Florence.(III_14_P66)
----Do you ever catch a cold in the winter? ----Yes, I caught a cold last winter.
一般过去时通常和表示过去的时间连用,有时没有具体的过去时间,需
要通过上下文判断时间。
I travelled to the Portsmouth by bus yesterday. I got on the bus and sat down.
由于一般过去时常常表示过去某个特定的时间发生的事件,因此,它常与when, where等疑问连词连用。除了时间状语可以表示特定的时间之外,地点状语也可以暗示或包括特定的时间。 E.g:
----Where did you lose your money? ----I lost it at the office last week.
Where did you last see her?
----When did you paint the picture? ----I painted it last year.
2>在一段文字中,初次使用一般过去时的时候通常要有明确的时间状语,随后的叙述则可以不一定使用时间状语;如果不加before, after等词语,过去的动作就被认为是按所描述的顺序发生的。 E.g:
One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm. Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea.
一天下午,她乘小船从海岸出发,遇上了风暴。天将黑时,小船撞在了一块礁石上,姑娘跳进了海里。 ----Did you use your bicycle last week? ----Yes, I cleaned it first and then I used it.
3>时间状语从句可以起到描述过去时间背景的作用。
When the article arrived, the editor read the first sentence and then refused to
publish it.(III-5_P30)
4>一般过去时与一般现在时在上下文中同时使用可以表示对比(II_27). E.g:
----He always enjoys meals.(他总是胃口很好) ----No, dose he ? He didn’t enjoy meals yesterday.
----he didn’t remember her name just now.
----Oh, didn’t he ? I thought he always remembered names. 噢,是吗?我原来认为他总能记住名字的。 (言外之意是我现在不这么认为了)
一般过去时可以用于与最近的打算比较(II_51)
----Are they going to see a film?
----I don’t expect so. They saw one last week. 一般过去时可以用于与最近的打算比较时
----Are they going to see a film?