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Figure 4.10 Improved design II

4.5 The influence of autonomous vehicles

As smart cars are non-cash payment, when compared to the traditional toll station, the cellular toll stations can better meet the needs of smart car. In this section, we first analyze the principle and characteristics of autonomous vehicles, then, according to the principle and characteristics of them, we optimized the cellular toll station model.

4.5.1 The Characteristics of Autonomous Vehicles

（1） Since the autonomous car are uncontrolled, they need to be equipped with automatic

payment system, that is, ETC equipment. Therefore, they can pass through the toll station quickly. （2） Self-driving vehicles can improve road safety in one way or another. autonomous vehicles are equipped with sensing systems, which helps sensing the environment, based on the information about the road, vehicle location, and obstacles, the vehicle can steer and control the speed automatically. Therefore, they have a better control of the vehicle distance, brake, etc. which can reduce possibility of the occurrence of traffic accidents at the toll station. Besides, the driver's own factors (such as bad mood, disputes with the toll station service staff, etc.) will not affect the vehicle's safety [11]. （3） Vehicles at the junction of the toll station convergence can be more orderly，which avoids the occurrence of congestion and maximize the efficiency of cellular toll stations.

4.5.2 Our Solution

(1) In the future, there are more autonomous vehicles, since these vehicles are all equipped with ETC equipment, the cellular toll booths must increase the number of automatic toll lanes, reducing the number of manual toll lanes to maximize the efficiency. Our design can provide perfect service for those cars. As shown in the figure 4.10, the MTC lanes will be located at the sides of the toll station, and the straight lanes for Large vehicles are in the middle，reducing the inconvenient for the large vehicles. Meanwhile, as the autonomous vehicles are easy to steer, the rest lanes are all ETC lanes. When the autonomous vehicles enter the global market, the proportion of vehicles equipped with ETC will increase greatly.

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4.5自主车辆的影响

由于智能车是非现金支付，与传统收费站相比，手机收费站更能满足智能车的需求。 在这一节中，我们先分析一下

然后根据自主车辆的原理和特点，优化了蜂窝收费站模型。

4.5.1自主车辆的特点

（1）由于自动驾驶汽车是不受控制的，所以需要配备自动支付系统，即ETC设备。 因此，他们可以很快通过收费站。

（2）自驾车可以以这种或那种方式改善道路安全。 自主车辆配备感应系统，根据道路，车辆位置，障碍物等信息感知环境，车辆可以自动转向控制车速。 因此对车距，刹车等有较好的控制，可以减少收费站发生交通事故的可能性。 另外，驾驶员自身的因素（如心情不好，与收费站服务人员的纠纷等）不会影响车辆的安全[11]。

（3）收费站衔接处的车辆更加有序，避免了拥堵发生，最大限度地提高了收费站的效率。

4.5.2我们的解决方案

（1）未来有更多的自主车辆，由于这些车辆都配备了ETC设备，因此蜂窝收费站必须增加自动收费车道的数量，减少手动收费车道的数量以最大化效率。 我们的设计可以为这些车辆提供完美的服务。 如图4.10所示，MTC车道将位于收费站的两侧，大型车辆的直行车道位于中间，减少了大型车辆的不便。 同时，由于自主车辆易于驾驶，其余车道均为ETC车道。 自主车辆进入全球市场时，配备ETC的车辆比例将大大增加。

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Figure 4.11 Next generation tollbooth for autonomous vehicle

(2) According to the queueing model and the simulation result from VISSIM, the throughput of the toll station increases accompanies with the increase of the number of the ETC lanes. As the autonomous vehicles are all non-cash payment, when compared with the traditional toll station, the cellular design is more suitable.

V. Analysis of our Design

5.1 Using VISSIM Simulation to Find the Difference of These Two Tollbooths.

5.1.1 Basic Data for Simulation

We use PTV-VISSIM 4.3 to do this simulation. Because there is no special configuration for other traffic simulation design(such as road connections, car route selection , deceleration belt and the design of tollbooths), so there are no more other detailed explanation about the parameter, and you can find more information at [12]. We set the speed of the vehicle through the ETC deceleration belt is 24km/h and deceleration speed is 2m/s2 .We refer to “The vehicles’ speed reduces to 24km/h when passing ETC lane” at literature[13]. （1） Establish VISSIM backplane

Figure 5.1 Conceptual design model and simulation

Figure 5.2 Traditional design model and simulation

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（2）根据VISSIM的排队模型和模拟结果，收费站的吞吐量随着ETC车道数量的增加而增加。 由于自主车辆都是非现金支付，与传统的收费站相比，蜂窝设计更加合适。

五，我们的设计分析

5.1使用VISSIM仿真找出这两个收费站的区别。

5.1.1模拟的基本数据

我们使用PTV-VISSIM 4.3来做这个模拟。 由于其他交通模拟设计（道路连接，车道选择，减速带，收费站设计等）没有特殊的配置，所以关于参数的详细解释不再详细，您可以在[12。 我们通过ETC减速带设定车速为24km / h，减速度为2m / s2。参考文献[13]，我们参考“车辆通过ETC车道时车速降低到24km / h”。

（1）建立VISSIM背板